Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Pyracantha angustifolia


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 13


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pyracantha angustifolia (narrowleaf firethorn)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

13

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

2 cultivars "Yukon Belle TM" and "Gnome" known

1.02

Henderson, L.(1991) Invasive alien woody plants of the Orange Free State. Bothalia, 1991, Vol.21, No.1, pp.73-89

invasive species in South Africa

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30395 (15 November 2001)

Native:

Asia-Temperate: China - Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, seed requires 3 months cold stratification

2.02

warm temperate

2.03

(1) TROPICOS - Flora of China Checklist (http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast)
(2)Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1)Elevational range in China : 1600-3000 m
(2) USDA Zones 4-10; New USDA Temp Zones 4b-11a

2.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

Naturalized in Hawaiian Islands

2.05

(1) Williams, P. A.; Karl, B. J.; Bannister, P.; Lee, W. G. (2000) Small mammals as potential seed dispersers in New Zealand. Austral Ecology, 2000, Vol.25, No.5, pp.523-532, 37 ref.
(2) Henderson, L.(1991) Invasive alien woody plants of the Orange Free State. Bothalia, 1991, Vol.21, No.1, pp.73-89, 24 ref.
(3) Burger, D. W.; Hartin, J. S.; Hodel, D. R.; Lukaszewski, T. A.; Tjosvold, S. A.; Wagner, S. A. (1987) Water use in California's ornamental nurseries.California Agriculture, 1987, Vol.41, No.9/10, pp.7-8
(4) Burger, H. C.; Frankenhuyzen, A. van; Goffau, L. J. W. de; Ulenberg, S. A.(1985) Important insect infestations in 1984. (Bijzondere aantastingen door insekten in 1984.) Entomologische Berichten, 1985, Vol.45, No.11, pp.157-165, 24 ref.
(5)Buchanan-R-A (1989) Pied currawongs (Strepera graculina): Their diet and role in weed dispersal in suburban Sydney, New South Wales (Australia).Prtoceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 111(1-4): 241-256.
(6) Brandan-Zulma-Josefina (1995). Co

(1) New Zealand (2) South Africa (3) California (4) Netherland (5) Australia (6) Argentina

3.01

(1) Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105 (2) Henderson, L.(1991) Invasive alien woody plants of the Orange Free State. Bothalia, 1991, Vol.21, No.1, pp.73-89

(1) naturalized in Hawaii (2)recognized as an invasive species in South Africa, naturalized in California

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1) Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105 (2) Henderson, L.(1991) Invasive alien woody plants of the Orange Free State. Bothalia, 1991, Vol.21, No.1, pp.73-89

(1) naturalized in Hawaii (2)recognized as an invasive species in South Africa, naturalized in California

3.05

Weeds Australia database (http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm)National Weeds Strategy
Telephone: (03) 6344 9657
Fax: (03) 6343 1877
Email: jthorp@weeds.org.au

P. angustifolia and P. fortuneana were prohibited in West Australia. P. coccinea needs a weed risk assessement before entry.

4.01

Horticopia A to Z. 1999 Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7

Trunk has thorns

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

4.04

The University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Cooperative Extension Service
Deer-Tolerant Ornamental Plants
Jeff Jackson, Professor of Wildlife Management and Gary L. Wade, Extension Horticulturist
(http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Pyracantha+angustifolia)

listed as a "deer-tolerant plant"Although no specific mention has been seen for this species, it belongs to a genus where most, if not all members of the genus produce hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is found mainly in the leaves and seed and is readily detected by its bitter taste.

4.05

Maruyama-Setsuko (1998). Mass sudden deaths of Bombycilla spp. migratory birds. Japanese-Journal-of-Toxicology-and-Environmental-Health. Feb., 1998; 44 (1) 17-24

In Nagano Prefecture, in the period of January to March, 1997, sudden deaths of Bombycilla spp. birds happened in many places, amounting to 13 places with the total death of 187 birds. Of the places, Shimosuwa Town, Komoro City, and Iida City were selected to be inquired into the cause of the sudden deaths. In the case of Shimosuwa Town, the esophagus was choked with nuts of Pyracantha, and cyanide was detected in the content from the esophagus at 10.0 mug/g (average) and in the content from the stomach at 17.0 mug/g (average), suggesting that cyanide or nitrile glycoside would be one of the causes of the deaths. In the case of Komoro City, EPN, an organophosphorus pesticide, was detected from the content in the stomach at 5960 mug/g (average) and from the liver at 11.4 mug/g (average), suggesting that EPN would be a many cause of the death. In the case of Iida City no cause of the death has been known. [note: species name was not specified]

4.06

no evedence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Horticopia A to Z. 1999 Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7

Moderately flammable

4.09

Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK.
www.pfaf.org (http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Pyracantha+angustifolia)

"It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. "

4.1

Horticopia A to Z. 1999 Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7

Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline, tolerates salt well, drought tolerant, tolerates wetness

4.11

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

shrub

4.12

no evidence

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.1105

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK. www.pfaf.org

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[200]. Remove all the fruit flesh since this can inhibit germination[200]. Stored seed requires 3 months cold stratification, sow it as early in the year as possible in a cold frame[113]. [See reference worksheet]

6.03

no evidence

6.04

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

Henderson, L.(1991) Invasive alien woody plants of the Orange Free State. Bothalia, 1991, Vol.21, No.1, pp.73-89, 24 ref.

The most prominent species (in order of prominence) in roadside and veld habitats were: Opuntia ficus-indica, Prunus persica, Eucalyptus spp., Rosa eglanteria, Pyracantha angustifolia and Acacia dealbata.

7.02

Burger, H. C.; Frankenhuyzen, A. van; Goffau, L. J. W. de; Ulenberg, S. A.(1985) Important insect infestations in 1984. (Bijzondere aantastingen door insekten in 1984.) Entomologische Berichten, 1985, Vol.45, No.11, pp.157-165, 24 ref.

Pyracantha angustifolia as Bonsai material from Japan

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Buchanan-R-A (1989) Pied currawongs (Strepera graculina): Their diet and role in weed dispersal in suburban Sydney, New South Wales (Australia). Proceedings Of THE Linnean Society Of New South Wales. 111(1-4): 241-256.

In this dietary study of an abundant population of pied currawongs (Strepera graculina) 1009 regurgitated pellets, collected over 25 months, were analysed. The percentage of pellets containing plant parts, mostly seeds of fleshy fruit, was high throughout the year (79-98%). The fruit of introduced plants was present in 45-91% of pellets containing plant material. The seeds of 46 species, of which 36 were introduced, were identified in their pellets. Fruits of the family Oleaceae, including the three introduced species, Ligustrum sinense (small-leaved privet), Ligustrum lucidum (large-leaved privet) and Olea africana (wild olive) were the most significant part of the currawong diet for three months of the year, when at least one of these species was present in 54-74% of the pellets analysed. Other major plant species in the diet included the introduced Pyracantha angustifolia, Morus nigra, Ochna atropurpurea, Solanum pseudocapsicum, and the native Elaeocarpus reticulatus.

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird dispersal

8.01

Jepson manual

about 5 seeds per fruit, > 200 fruits per m2

8.02

Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK. www.pfaf.org

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[200]. Remove all the fruit flesh since this can inhibit germination[200]. Stored seed requires 3 months cold stratification, sow it as early in the year as possible in a cold frame[113]. [See reference worksheet]

8.03

no evidence of resistance

8.04

no evidence

8.05


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