Prunus grisea. Common Names - amongyang, nut ton, amatogan, SYNONYM(S) : Prunus grisea (C. Muell.) Kalkm., Pygeum griseum C. Muell. , Pygeum preslii Merr., Pygeum latifolium Miq Family - Rosaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

2

Notes

References

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indo-China: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes, Irian Jaya, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?30002

2.02

Introduced to (1)Hawaii (Lyon Arboretum and Fostert Botanical Garden (2)Thailand -Pennisular Botanical Garden. (3)Papua New Guinea - reported to grow in the wilderness area of Ambua lodge.

(1)Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18. (2)http://www.geocities.com/thungkhai/Tpaper/pre_eco_thungkhai.htm (3)http://www.pngtours.com/ambuaplant.html

2.03

The elevation in the introduced range of Hawaii is less than 1000 m and (2) herbarium specimens in Malaysia were collected at 100 m. [No further evidence regarding USDA zones and habitat versatality].

(1)http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op87.pdf (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indo-China: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes, Irian Jaya, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?30002

2.05

Introduced to (1)Hawaii - Lyon Arboretum and Fostert Botanical Garden (2)Thailand -Pennisular Botanical Garden. (3)Papua New Guinea - reported to grow in the wilderness area of Ambua lodge. [Probably not - other than Papua New Guinea, no evidence of the species being introduced outside of botanical gardens or being distributed or cultivated by general public].

(1)Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18. (2)http://www.geocities.com/thungkhai/Tpaper/pre_eco_thungkhai.htm (3)http://www.pngtours.com/ambuaplant.html

3.01

Naturalizing around the initial plantings at Lyon Arboretum, Hawaii - where the spread was controlled locally. [No further evidence of the species becoming naturalized]

Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

(1)Prunus avium, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus cerasus and several other Prunus species have been listed as being invasive in seveal states including national parks in the U.S. (2)Prunus cerasifera, P laurocerasus is invasive in Australia. P. serotina is invasive in Central France and Eastern Mediterranean.

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/a.htm (2)Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. UK. Pages345-347.

4.01

Plants of the genus Prunus have unarmed branches.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=127735

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Dont know. But palatability of the congeneric P. virginiana is as follows: IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Chokecherry is widely regarded as an important wildlife food plant and provides habitat, watershed protection, and species diversity [36,92,121,140,147]. Fruits, leaves, and twigs are utilized. Large mammals including bears [34,83,124], moose [69,118,120,144], coyotes [38], bighorn sheep [154,160], pronghorn [41], elk [32,49,74,88,94], and deer use chokecherry as browse [7,8,26,132,,146,147,148,149,150,156]. Chokecherry is also a food source for small mammals [37,38,62,70]. The fruits are important food for many birds [15,20,54,103]. Cattle and domestic sheep also eat chokecherry, and because of its toxicity (see below), poisoning sometimes occurs. Livestock normally do not eat fatal quantities except when other forage is scarce [66,116,166].
PALATABILITY: Chokecherry is moderately palatable

4.05

(1)This site mentions Prunus species in general to be poisonous - Species Most Often Affected: horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats
Poisonous Parts: seeds, leaves
Primary Poisons: amygdalin, prunasin. (2)Toxic Principle: Cyanogenic glycosides (prunasin,and amydalin) which are readily hydrolysed by rumen microorganisms to free hydrogen cyanide (HCN). All parts of the plant contain the cyanogenic glycosides except the ripe berries. The wilted leaves are more toxic than when fresh. The Cyanide blocks the action of cytochrome oxidase that prevents hemoglobin from releasing oxygen to the tissues. Death results rapidly from anoxia. All members of the Prunus family including cherries, apricots, almonds, peaches and their hybrids contain cyanogenic glycosides in their stems, leaves and seeds. The concentrations of the cyanide glycosides increases when the plant is stressed by drought or frost. The cyanide potential is highest in the new growth of the plants.

(1)http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/alphalist.html (2)http://southcampus.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants/report/report_detail_1.cfm?ID=303 (3)http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~djw/pltx.cgi?QUERY=Prunus (4)http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/latin.htm

4.06

No evidence regarding associated pest or pathogens.

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

No evidence regarding the range of habitats that Prunus grisea can inhabit and its mode or growth (thickets vs solitary trees).

4.09

No evidence regarding light requirements.

4.1

No evidence regarding soil requirements.

4.11

Not a climber.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

5.03

Probably not - member of Rosaceae family.

Reiter, J., Curio, E., Tacud, B., Urbina, H., Fink-Schabacker, C. 2003. Seedling mortality of six Philippine rain forest tree species: a test of the 'escape hypothesis'.Ecotropica (Vol. 9) (No. 1/2) 59-70

5.04

No evidence

6.01

"The almost complete mortality of propagules under the parent tree may have far-reaching community effects in opening up space for other, perhaps rare species, thus increasing species diversity."

6.02

' …thousands of seedlings and dozens of 1 to 3 m tall saplings were found mostly within a 400 m sq. area centered around the original planting.'

Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18.

6.03

Don’t know about P. grisea. But hybrids of other Prunus species exist such as - Prunus hybrid hort. -(Aprium group -Prunus armeniaca x Prunus domestica x Prunus armeniaca ), Prunus hybrid hort. (Cherrycot group - Prunus besseyi x Prunus armeniaca), Prunus hybrid hort. - (Peachcot group - Prunus persica x Prunus armeniaca), Prunus hybrid hort. -plum cherry, Prunus hybrid hort. (Plumcot Group -Prunus domestica x Prunus armeniaca), Prunus hybrid hort. (Pluot Group - Prunus armeniaca x Prunus domestica x Prunus domestica).

http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Prunus_Pt2.html

6.04

About 160 different crosses of various species, cultivars and hybrids of Prunus L. were studied via fluorescence microscopy. Study of pollen growth in the pistils and of the fertilization process allowed conclusions on self- and cross compatibility of various cultivars and hybrids to be made. About 40 forms, including new cultivars of P. cerasifera ‘Vitsba’, ‘Vetraz’ and ‘Asaloda’ and P. avium ‘Gastsinets’ were used for female gametophyte investigations. The investigations on pollination process and on ovule viability permited to establish a cause of premature fruit dropping. The results let us propose good pollinators and select cultivars and hybrids with high percent of viable ovules." [Incompatability is a well-known feature of Prunoideae sub

(1)Hegedus, Attila; Szabo, Zoltan; Nyeki, Jozsef, et al. Molecular analysis of S-haplotypes in peach, a self-compatible Prunus species. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131 (6) : 738-743 NOV 2006. (2)http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=538_65

6.05

Probably not - prunus flowers in general do not show any morphological adaptation for specialist pollinators.

http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=%22Prunus%20flowers&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi

6.06

No evidence regarding spread by vegetative means.

6.07

Don’t know.

7.01

No evidence that the species is a well known or established horticultural or agricultural species.

7.02

Probably not - no evidence that the species is well known horticulturally.

7.03

Probably not - no evidence that the species is involved in any kind of trade. Also no evidence that the species grows around produce crops.

7.04

Probably not - in the genus Prunus the fruit is generally a drupe.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=127735

7.05

Probably not - no evidence that the speceis inhabits waterways.

7.06

observed birds eating the fruits

Reiter, J., Curio, E., Tacud, B., Urbina, H., Fink-Schabacker, C. 2003. Seedling mortality of six Philippine rain forest tree species: a test of the 'escape hypothesis'.Ecotropica (Vol. 9) (No. 1/2) 59-70

7.07

Don’t know - no evidence regarding fruits and seeds of Prunus grisea. [Pygeum griseum Blume ex Müller Stuttgart (Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müller Stuttgart) Kalkman) was reported from Lan Yu off the coast of SE Taiwan by Ohashi (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 98–100. 1993, as Prunus grisea). The species is not included in this treatment because the present authors have seen no Chinese specimens.]

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=127735

7.08

observed birds eating the fruits

Reiter, J., Curio, E., Tacud, B., Urbina, H., Fink-Schabacker, C. 2003. Seedling mortality of six Philippine rain forest tree species: a test of the 'escape hypothesis'.Ecotropica (Vol. 9) (No. 1/2) 59-70

8.01

Probably not - in the genus Prunus the fruit is generally a drupe - which are relatively large type of seeds.

8.02

No evidence regarding seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled using herbicides.

8.04

No evidence

8.05

Don’t know.