Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Podocarpus chinensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -4


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Podocarpus chinensis (Roxburgh) J. Forbes. Family - Podocarpaceae
Syn: Nageia appressa, N. chinensis, N. japonica, N. macrophylla var. maki, Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki, P. maki, P. makoyi
Common name(s): maki, southern yew, yew plum pine

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

 

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

 

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

Yes. This species is derived from a cultivar of Podocarpus macrophyllus (the most common synonym used for P. chinensis is P. macrophyllus var. maki). (1)" This species is from China, though long cultivated in Japan, where it is the Kusa-maki. For years it was not known in the wild state. It is still very poorly understood and grossly confused with Podocarpus macrophyllus." (2)[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus]"ancient specimens are to be found in temple gardens. There is, for instance an old tree at the Lingyin Hangzhou, which, according to the tablet at its foot is 500 years old. While the typical form is most frequently seen in temple gardens, in other gardens one also encounters a form known as var. maki (a syn. Of Podocarpus chinensis) which is more compact, slower growing and has smaller leaves."

(1)Jacobson, A.L. Webpage: Plant of the Month January 2005. http://www.arthurleej.com/plant-of-month.html (2)Valder, P. 1999. The Garden Plants of China. Timber Press, OR

1.02

Unknown. (1)"Maki grows in southern China, Taiwan, and southern Japan, but because it is so widely cultivated in these areas it is difficult to determine whether this is its natural range, since it is impossible to distinguish wild trees from those planted by humans"

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)"Native distribution unclear because of widespread cultivation. Possibly native in Guangdong, Taiwan, Zhejiang; introduced or status uncertain in Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [possibly native in Japan and N Myanmar]" (2)"This species is from China, though long cultivated in Japan, where it is the Kusa-maki. For years it was not known in the wild state. It is still very poorly understood and grossly confused with Podocarpus macrophyllus." (3)"This species has a large range and is presumed to have a large population that is not declining at nearly the rate required to qualify as threatened under Criterion A. Assessed as Least Concern. Variety wardii de Laub. & Silba was assessed in 2007 as Data Deficient. This variety and its distribution remain poorly known; there are no herbarium data from Myanmar other than the type specimen on which this taxon was based in 1988. " (4)"China, N Myanmar, S Japan. Var. chinensis occurs in China: Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang, and in N Myanmar and S Japan. Var. wardii is restricted to the N'mai Hka Valley in N Myanmar" (5)Cultivated in Hawaii "Kauai: Kalaheo; Waha Rd Flynn, T. 1986; Oahu: Honolulu: Manoa Valley; University of Hawaii Manoa Campus; near Bilger Hall Asquith, A. 1994"

(1)Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis (2)Jacobson, A.L. Webpage: Plant of the Month January 2005. http://www.arthurleej.com/plant-of-month.html (3)International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Species Survival Commission. Wepage: Red List Home. Accessed 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (4)Earle, C.J. Website: The Gymnosperm Database. Accessed 2008. http://www.conifers.org/index.htm (5)The Pacific Basin Information Node of the U.S. Geological Survey. Webpage: Botanical database. Accessed 2008. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/natscidb/default.asp?w=PBIN&pt=t

2.02

(1)"Native distribution unclear because of widespread cultivation." (2)"This variety and its distribution remain poorly known"

(1)Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis (2)International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Species Survival Commission. Wepage: Red List Home. Accessed 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/

2.03

(1)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] "Climate: Zones 8, 9, 10" (2)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] "Hardiness Zones: 7 to 11" (3)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] "Hardy to USDA zone 7 and all higher zones."

(1)Webpage: Sunny Gardens.com Online Gardening Community. Accessed 2008. http://www.sunnygardens.com/ (2)Evans, E. Webpage: North Carolina State University Plant Factsheets. Accessed 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/ (3)Webpage: Clifton's Flower and Garden Center, California. Accessed 2008. http://www.buyplantsonline.com/index.html

2.04

Native to subtropical areas of China(1). Please refer to comments section of 2.01 for more information and references

(1)Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

2.05

Yes. Used as an ornamental and used on the Bonsai tree industry. Sold and cultivated in the following locations. (1)[syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] California (2)Hawaii (3)Present, status not known [syn. Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] in Puerto Rico, Florida

(1)Webpage: Clifton's Flower and Garden Center, California. Accessed 2008. http://www.buyplantsonline.com/index.html (2)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages (3)USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Webpage: Information and Reports from the PLANTS Database. Accessed 2008. http://plants.usda.gov/topics.html

3.01

No evidence found except the following. The syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [P. chinensis] listed as naturalized and P. macrophyllus listed as naturalised and a weed (1). Primary resources did not confirm these conclusions to the satisfaction of the weed risk assessor.

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.02

(1)The syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [P. chinensis] listed as naturalized and P. macrophyllus listed as naturalised and a weed. Primary resources did not confirm these conclusions to the satisfaction of the weed risk assessor.

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.03

(1)The syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [P. chinensis] listed as naturalized and P. macrophyllus listed as naturalised and a weed. Primary resources did not confirm these conclusions to the satisfaction of the weed risk assessor.

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.04

(1)The syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [P. chinensis] listed as naturalized and P. macrophyllus listed as naturalised and a weed. Primary resources did not confirm these conclusions to the satisfaction of the weed risk assessor.

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.05

(1)The syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki [P. chinensis] listed as naturalized and P. macrophyllus listed as naturalised and a weed. Primary resources did not confirm these conclusions to the satisfaction of the weed risk assessor.

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

4.01

No, see growth form (1)"Tree to 60 feet tall, branches erect, dense"

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

4.02

[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"Allelopathy: None"

Website: Gardening Plants and Gardening Forum. Accessed 2008. http://www.thegrowspot.com/

4.03

Podocarpus not a parasitic plant genera (1)

(1)USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"In areas with deer populations, kusa-maki was oftenb planted around temples because the foliage was unpalatable to the wildlife"

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

4.05

[In regards to the genus Podocarpus] (1)"The fleshy stem is edible but the foliage has been toxic to some animals -- especially cats."

(1)Rose, S.A. 1985. Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH38. 2 Pages

4.06

No evidence. [in regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"Pests and Diseases No pests or diseases are of major concern. Occasionally bothered by scale, mites, and sooty mold but not seriously. Some magnesium-deficiency on sandy soil, which is easily corrected with magnesium sulfate."

(1)Gilman, E.F. and D.G. Watson. 1993. Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH654. 4 Pages

4.07

(1)"Poisonous plants such as Podocarpus or Yews, if they are male, will shed millions of grains of airborne pollen. Pollen from the males of these two species is both allergenic and poisonous."

(1)Ogren, T.L. Wedsite: 22 Tips for Low-Allergy Gardens. Accessed 2008. http://www.hoptechno.com/bookallergen.htm

4.08

Podocarpus genus included on a list of (1)"HIGHLY Flammable Plants (Plants that will ignite faster and burn readily)"

(1)SC Forestry Commission, USDA Forest Service. 2005. Landscaping can be attractive and firewise. "Fire Smart" Plant List for SC Native and Landscape

4.09

[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] (1)"Sunlight: Full Sun, Partial Sun, Shade" (2)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus maki] "It is one of those plants that thrives equally well in partial shade as full sun."

(1)Webpage: Sunny Gardens.com Online Gardening Community. Accessed 2008. http://www.sunnygardens.com/ (2)Webpage: Clifton's Flower and Garden Center, California. Accessed 2008. http://www.buyplantsonline.com/index.html

4.10

[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var maki] (1)"May develop chlorosis in heavy and damp or alkaline soil … Thrives in Acid Soil" (2)[In regards to Podocarps in general] "Ideal conditions include a sandy, well-watered soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5, fortified with organic compost."

(1)Webpage: Sunny Gardens.com Online Gardening Community. Accessed 2008. http://www.sunnygardens.com/ (2)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

4.11

No (1)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var maki] "Form: Upright oval to columnar shrub or small tree; almost-vertical branches"

(1)Evans, E. Webpage: North Carolina State University Plant Factsheets. Accessed 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial tree

5.02

No. See growth form (1)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var maki] "Form: Upright oval to columnar shrub or small tree; almost-vertical branches"

(1)Evans, E. Webpage: North Carolina State University Plant Factsheets. Accessed 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/

5.03

No. In the family Podocarpaceae

Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

5.04

No. A woody tree not herbaceous see growth form (1)[In regards to a syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var maki] "Form: Upright oval to columnar shrub or small tree; almost-vertical branches"

(1)Evans, E. Webpage: North Carolina State University Plant Factsheets. Accessed 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/

6.01

(1)"This species has a large range and is presumed to have a large population that is not declining at nearly the rate required to qualify as threatened" (2)[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] "Seeds often are found sprouting while still attached to the fleshy stalk on the plant."

(1)International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Species Survival Commission. Wepage: Red List Home. Accessed 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (2)Rose, S.A. 1985. Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH38. 2 Pages

6.02

(1)[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] "Propagation is by seeds or cuttings. Hardwood cuttings root easily. Cutting propagation would ensure more uniform trees than seedlings. Nursery operators should be encouraged to grow Podocarpus in the single-trunked tree form for planting in urban landscapes."

(1)Gilman, E.F. and D.G. Watson. 1993. Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH654. 4 Pages

6.03

Unknown

6.04

No. This species is dioecious (e.g. plants are either male or female) (1)

(1)Hui-lin, L., H. Keng, Y. Yang and S. Lu. 1993. Flora of Taiwan Vol 1. National Taiwan University

6.05

Male plants produce abundant pollen for transport via. Wind (1)"Podocarpus or Yews, if they are male, will shed millions of grains of airborne pollen."

(1)Ogren, T.L. Wedsite: 22 Tips for Low-Allergy Gardens. Accessed 2008. http://www.hoptechno.com/bookallergen.htm

6.06

Vegetative propigation possible using horticultural techniques. No wild records.

 

6.07

(1)"P. macrophyllus var. maki is a slower-growing version of the species (plants typically attain a height of no more than 6-8’ in 10 years)" (2)[In regards to syn: Podocarpus maki] "Slow growing to 8 to 10 feet tall" (3)[In regards to syn: Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki] "Growth Rate: Slow"

(1)Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx (2)Webpage: Clifton's Flower and Garden Center, California. Accessed 2008. http://www.buyplantsonline.com/index.html (3)Evans, E. Webpage: North Carolina State University Plant Factsheets. Accessed 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/

7.01

No. Seeds are colorful and fleshy, 0.5 inches long and likely to be seen. [following is in regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"The inconspicuous flowers are followed by fleshy, purple, small, edible fruits (very good to eat) on female trees which are quite attractive to birds but not really messy on sidewalks or pavement."

(1)Gilman, E.F. and D.G. Watson. 1993. Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH654. 4 Pages

7.02

[in regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki (1)"This is the most commly cultivated yew podocarpin the Kansai area (of Japan). Also a very important tree in Traditional Japanese gardens. Ideal for bonsai"

(1)Levi-Yamamori, R. and G. Taaffe. 2004. Garden Plants of Japan. Timber Press, OR

7.03

No. Seeds are colorful and fleshy, 0.5 inches long and likely to be seen. [following is in regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"The inconspicuous flowers are followed by fleshy, purple, small, edible fruits (very good to eat) on female trees which are quite attractive to birds but not really messy on sidewalks or pavement. "

(1)Gilman, E.F. and D.G. Watson. 1993. Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH654. 4 Pages

7.04

No see description (1)"Seed-bearing structure on stalk 0.2-0.4 inches long, receptacle anout half as long as seed before turning fleshy-purplish. Seed elliptic to 0.4 inches long."

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

7.05

No. Dispersal research suggests this species is bird dispersed. Podocarpus macrophyllus shown to disperse via birds. In addition, species is a xeroscape plant not water-loving

Xinhua, L., Y. Xiaoming, X. Bing, L. Weillin and L. Ya. 2006. Effects of bird seed dispersal on diversity of the invaded plants in several hedge types. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26(6): 1657−1666

7.06

Yes, based on fruit and seed description [following is in regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"The inconspicuous flowers are followed by fleshy, purple, small, edible fruits (very good to eat) on female trees which are quite attractive to birds but not really messy on sidewalks or pavement." (2)Podocarpus macrophyllus fruits are bird dispersed

(1)Gilman, E.F. and D.G. Watson. 1993. Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH654. 4 Pages (2)Xinhua, L., Y. Xiaoming, X. Bing, L. Weillin and L. Ya. 2006. Effects of bird seed dispersal on diversity of the invaded plants in several hedge types. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26(6): 1657−1666

7.07

No. Seed drupe-like. See following description [In regards to all members of the genus Podocarpus] (1)"Ovuliferous cones … with a few bracts at base which form a fleshy receptacle at maturity. Seed drupe-like, above the receptacle."

(1)Hui-lin, L., H. Keng, Y. Yang and S. Lu. 1993. Flora of Taiwan Vol 1. National Taiwan University

7.08

Yes. If fruits are bird dispered (i.e. Question 7.06 = Yes) then it follows that they pass through the gut (7.08 = Yes).

 

8.01

No. Based on the size of the plat and fruit, seed production in excess of 1000/ square meter is unlikely. See description of seed size:(1) "Seed-bearing structure on stalk 0.2-0.4 inches long, receptacle anout half as long as seed before turning fleshy-purplish. Seed elliptic to 0.4 inches long."

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

8.02

[In regards to Podocarpus macrophyllus] (1)"Seeds often are found sprouting while still attached to the fleshy stalk on the plant." (2)No. As the seeds of Podocarpus machrophyllus are viviparious (producing seeds that germinate on the plant or soon thereafter)

(1)Rose, S.A. 1985. Podocarpus. University of Flordisa IFAS Extension Doc. # ENH38. 2 Pages (2)Koshimizu, T. 1951.Studies on the role of growth substances in the viviparity of the seed of Podocarpus machrophyllus. Nara Women's University Journal 1:1-15

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Popularily used as a Bonsai tree that can be (1)"clip[ped] to any size or shape" (2)"In cultivation it is a mere shrub, at most perhaps to 15 feet tall. It is good for bonsai" (3)[In regards to the genus Podocarpaceae] "Podocarpus plants are fire tolerant (unlike most other conifers)."

(1)Webpage: Clifton's Flower and Garden Center, California. Accessed 2008. http://www.buyplantsonline.com/index.html (2)Jacobson, A.L. Webpage: Plant of the Month January 2005. http://www.arthurleej.com/plant-of-month.html (3)Australian National Botanic Gardens. Webpage: Australian Botany Pages. Accessed 2008. http://www.anbg.gov.au/

8.05

Unknown


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