Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - feathertop. Synonym(s) - Cenchrus longisetus M.C. Johnston.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

24

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)East Africa, Ethiopia, Yemen, Somalia. (2)Native to mountains in northeastern tropical Africa. (3)An erect densely tussock forming perennial grass up to 70 cm high of moister semiarid or arid subtropics, native to North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. (4)DISTRIBUTION Europe: southeastern. Africa: north, Micronesia, northeast tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Arabia. Asia-tropical: India and Malesia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Caribbean, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. (2)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for the Livable Landscape. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (3)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ. (4)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2008. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 16 May 2008].

2.02

Native range well known and lies within tropics.

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) (2)Hardiness zones 9 to 11 (3)Zone(s) Annual except in zones 8 - 1. [although it grows in a broad geographical area, it really only grows during the summer months (as an annual) in colder climates and a perennial in warmer climates]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1492/ [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.marthastewart.com/pennisetum-villosum [Accessed 16 May 2008] (3)http://www.provenwinners.com/plants/detail.cfm?=&btnSearch=Search&doSearch=1&photoID=8402&searchGenus=Pennisetum&searchSeries= [Accessed 16 May 2008]

2.04

(1)East Africa, Ethiopia, Yemen, Somalia. (2)Native to mountains in northeastern tropical Africa. (3)An erect densely tussock forming perennial grass up to 70 cm high of moister semiarid or arid subtropics, native to North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. (4)DISTRIBUTION Europe: southeastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, northeast tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Arabia. Asia-tropical: India and Malesia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Caribbean, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. (2)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for the Livable Landscape. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (3)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ. (4)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2008. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 16 May 2008].

2.05

(1)DISTRIBUTION Europe: southeastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, northeast tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Arabia. Asia-tropical: India and Malesia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Caribbean, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2008. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 16 May 2008].

3.01

(1Pennisetum villosum R. Br. Feathertop DISTRIBUTION: Scattered throughout North I. except Wellington Province; Marlborough (Blenheim, Tuamarina, south bank of Clarence R.), Christchurch, Te Anau. (2)It is native to Africa but naturalized in the United States and Australia. (3)Pennisetum villosum, a monocot, is a perennial herb that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild (4)This grass is also naturalised in New Zealand, North and South America, Asia, South Africa, Italy and the Azores. (5)The following record of Pennisetum villosum represents the first state record of this species in the Hawaiian Islands. It apparently was naturalized at least at this 1 locality, but its present status is unknown. The plant is native to northeastern Africa and Arabia, and has been introduced elsewhere as an ornamental. Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona, Hu‘ehu‘e, growing nicely by Mr. Stillman’s house, eaten by horses, Jun 1938, Vredenberg s.n. (BISH 120181). (6)Province distribution : Balearic Islands. Barcelona. Gerona. Tarragona. Valencia. Distribution in the islands : Ibiza. Mallorca. General distribution : Mediterranean

(1)Edgar, E. and J. E. Shand. 1987. Checklist of Panicoid grasses naturalised in New Zealand; with a key to native and naturalised genera and species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25 : 343-353. (2)http://www.fao.org/Ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000307.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008] (3)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6134 [Accessed 15 Ma 2008] (4)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=G20 [Accessed 15 May 2008] (5)Herbst, D., R. and W. D. Clayton. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38. (6)http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/eng-med/especie/4774.html [Accessed 15 May 2008]

3.02

(1)Originally introduced as an ornamental, now widespread and locally common on roadsides and neglected land. (2)Distribution and occurrence: Frequently cultivated as an ornamental grass, naturalized, often a weed of footpaths and vacant land. Declared Noxious Weed (3)Longstyle feather grass (Pennisetum villosum) is a declared (CC4) noxious weed in the Shires of Gwydir and Inverell. It is a prolific seeder, spreads quickly and is a very invasive plant. Longstyle feather grass, or "foxtail" as it is commonly known around Inverell, is a problem noxious weed and a contaminant in wool...CC4(A) MANAGEMENT PLAN – Legal requirements within the Shires of Gwydir & Inverell The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled by conducting an on-going and effective treatment program to reduce plant numbers and to minimise the plant’s negative impact on the land. Boundaries and waterways must be kept free of the plant to prevent spread from the property. All reasonable measures are to be taken to ensure vehicles, machinery and livestock moved off the property are free of the plant.

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=G20 [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pennisetum~villosum [Accessed 15 May 2008] (3)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/longstyle_feather_grass.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008]

3.03

(1)Unpalatable to stock and increases in infested pasture. (2)Longstyle feather grass, or "foxtail" as it is commonly known around Inverell, chokes out useful grasses and is a contaminant in wool...CC4(A) MANAGEMENT PLAN – Legal requirements within the Shires of Gwydir & Inverell The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled by conducting an on-going and effective treatment program to reduce plant numbers and to minimise the plant’s negative impact on the land. Boundaries and waterways must be kept free of the plant to prevent spread from the property. All reasonable measures are to be taken to ensure vehicles, machinery and livestock moved off the property are free of the plant. (3)Dense clumps can be formed that tend to dominate infested pasture.

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=G20 [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/Longstyle_feathergrass.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2008] (3)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ. (4)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_683&pgs= [Accessed 16 May 2008] (5)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=145 [Accessed 16 May 2008] (6)http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/pennisetum.htm [Accessed 16 May 2008]

3.04

(1)Feathertop is widespread in NSW and in other eastern states, but usually only a minor weed. However, the underground rhizomes gradually expand the size of clumps, and it can become abundant in pasture. Being unpalatable it reduces carrying capacity. It may occasionally become an environmental weed of grassy woodlands and grasslands. [Most of the information on impacts refers to disturbed areas or pastures (See 3.02 and 3.03)]

(1)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=145 [Accessed 16 May 2008]

3.05

(1)Pennisetum clandestinum…"mat-forming and smothers native plants, eliminating all species [Invasive in natural areas of S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Caribbean, Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands]…P. macrourum [invasive in natural areas of Australia and New Zealand]...P. polystachion [invasive in Australia]...P. purpureum [invasive in natural areas of SE USA, Southern Africa, Galapagos]...P. setaceum [invasive in natural areas of Australia, Western USA and Hawaiian Islands]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Oxon, UK.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence [despite widespread popularity as an ornamental and naturalization of species]

4.03

4.04

Possibly (1)Unpalatable to stock and increases in infested pasture. (2)usually unpalatable to stock (3)Mature plants are unpalatable and rarely grazed by stock (4)Cattle browse it, trampling the culms, producing a mat from which the plant continues to grow in a semi-decumbent manner covering the ground. [contradicts previous references. Probably palatable to but not preferred by grazing animals]

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=G20 [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. (3)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ. (4)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_683&pgs= [Accessed 16 May 2008]

4.05

No evidence [despite widespread popularity as an ornamental and naturalization of species]

4.06

No evidence

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1)Crimson fountaingrass and feathertop are common landscape ornamentals and are grown as annuals in cold winter areas. Both are adapted to periodic fire...Crimson fountaingrass and feathertop recover quickly after fire and may increase in density after a burn. (2)If you live in an area where fire generally isn't a problem you can leave the dried grasses and seed heads in your garden for winter interest. [increases fuel load and fire risk]

(1)http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/pennisetum.htm [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.provenwinners.com/plants/detail.cfm?=&btnSearch=Search&doSearch=1&photoID=8402&searchGenus=Pennisetum&searchSeries= [Accessed 16 May 2008]

4.09

(1)Pennisetum villosum cultivation notes: This mid sized clump forming grass grows in any fertile yet well drained or sandy soil in full sun...Sun loving draught tolerant plant (2)Exposure: partial shade partial sun to full sun (3)Perennial grass that tolerates many soil conditions and climates. It needs no water and tolerates full sun. (4)Exposure Full sun

(1)http://www.findmeplants.co.uk/plant-pennisetum-villosum-1449.aspx [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.garden.org/plantfinder/index.php?q=view&id=1058&sort%5B%5D=botanical&sort_order%5B%5D=botanical [Accessed 16 May 2008] (3)http://www.weedwatch.org/docs/matrix/Pennisetum_villosum_spp_043007.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008] (4)http://www.provenwinners.com/plants/detail.cfm?=&btnSearch=Search&doSearch=1&photoID=8402&searchGenus=Pennisetum&searchSeries= [Accessed 16 May 2008]

4.10

(1)neutral-pH7 (2)Soil Condition: Adaptable, Loamy, Sandy, Well drained (3)Perennial grass that tolerates many soil conditions and climates.

(1)http://www.marthastewart.com/pennisetum-villosum [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.garden.org/plantfinder/index.php?q=view&id=1058&sort%5B%5D=botanical&sort_order%5B%5D=botanical [Accessed 16 May 2008] (3)http://www.weedwatch.org/docs/matrix/Pennisetum_villosum_spp_043007.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008]

4.11

(1)mat-forming, in dense large tussocks

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.

4.12

(1)mat-forming, in dense large tussocks (2)Dense clumps can be formed that tend to dominate infested pasture.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. (2)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)Propagation Methods: By dividing the rootball From seed; sow indoors before last frost From seed; direct sow after last frost

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1492/ [Accessed 16 May 2008]

6.03

Don't know [intergeneric hybrids documented between other Pennisetum spp.]

6.04

(1)"The occurrence of triploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids with irregular meiosis suggests the likelihood of apomixis in this species."

(1)Hoshino, T. and G. Davidse. 1988. Chromosome Numbers of Grasses (Poaceae) From Southern Africa. I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75(3): 866-873.

6.05

Poaceae [wind pollinated]

6.06

(1)It is a perennial tussock grass with a creeping rhizome;(2)Dispersal: Spread by rhizomes and seed. (3)Root segments easily spread by grading.

(1)http://www.fao.org/Ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000307.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=G20 [Accessed 15 May 2008] (3)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008]

6.07

(1)Grown as an annual (2)Time to maturity: 1-2 years

(1)http://www.provenwinners.com/plants/detail.cfm?=&btnSearch=Search&doSearch=1&photoID=8402&searchGenus=Pennisetum&searchSeries= [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/sitePlant.php?plantid=3350 [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.01

(1)The main infestations in the North West Weeds County Council area are located in the Delungra and Inverell areas. Lesser infestations occur in the towns of Barraba, Bingara. Infestations are also present in the Horton and McIntyre Rivers. More and more plants are showing up throughout the NWWCC district, obviously being transported by wind, stock and motor vehicles. (2)All these Pennisetum spp. are spread by water, wind, animals (external), machinery, contaminated soil or dumped garden waste.

(1)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/longstyle_feather_grass.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.02

(1)features: * Attractive Flowers * Attractive Foliage * Attractive Fruit * Disease Resistant * Drought Tolerant * Winter Interest [popular ornamental widely cultivated]

(1)http://www.marthastewart.com/pennisetum-villosum [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.03

(1)It is a prolific seeder, spreads quickly and is a very invasive plant. Longstyle feather grass, or "foxtail" as it is commonly known around Inverell, is a problem noxious weed and a contaminant in wool.(2)Some seed held within involucral bristles can adhere to wool and fur. [produce contaminant of wool products] (3)other uses: * Cut Flower [possible seed contaminant in floral arrangements]

(1)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/longstyle_feather_grass.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ.(3)http://www.marthastewart.com/pennisetum-villosum [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.04

(1)Photo above: close up shows the abundant and wind-dispersed seeds...More and more plants are showing up throughout the NWWCC district, obviously being transported by wind, stock and motor vehicles.

(1)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/longstyle_feather_grass.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008]

7.05

(1)All these Pennisetum spp. are spread by water, wind, animals (external), machinery, contaminated soil or dumped garden waste.

(1)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.06

No evidence [birds that ate seeds would probably function as seed predators rather than dispersers]

7.07

(1)Some seed held within involucral bristles can adhere to wool and fur. (2)Spread All these Pennisetum spp. are spread by water, wind, animals (external), machinery, contaminated soil or dumped garden waste.

(1)Randall, J. 1999. Import Risk Analysis. Importation of Weed Species by Live Animals and Unprocessed Fibre of Sheep and Goats. Regulatory Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Wellington, NZ. (2)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008]

7.08

[may be consumed incidentally during grazing, but no data on survival]

8.01

(1)Although a prolific seeder, seedling establishment is usually poor, with plants growing best in sandy soils [probably yes]

(1)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=145 [Accessed 16 May 2008]

8.02

(1)Seeds maintained for 2-3 years in commercial storage conditions [orthodox seeds probably form a persistent seed bank, but no field evidence was found to corroborate laboratory results]

(1)http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?ID=2448&Num=Rqn [Accessed 16 May 2008]

8.03

(1)The only chemical treatment currently registered in NSW for longstyle feather grass is: Glyphosate at the rate of 1 litre to 2 litres of water applied though a ROPE WICK APPLICATOR. (2)Control Most effective in Spring and early Summer before rhizome growth and flowering – cut and remove top growth, spray green regrowth with recommended herbicide. Non-selective or residual herbicide (3)Control Dig or spot spray new infestations before seeding. Once a dense infestation has developed, repeated cultivation in summer to exhaust the rhizomes or an integrated control program using cultivation, competing crops and herbicides may be needed. Grass-specific herbicides can control it in broadleaf crops.

(1)http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/longstyle_feather_grass.htm [Accessed 15 May 2008] (2)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008] (3)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=145 [Accessed 16 May 2008]

8.04

(1)Root segments easily spread by grading...DO NOT MOW OR GRADE. [plant benefits from grading and will be spread unintentionally] (2)Crimson fountaingrass and feathertop recover quickly after fire and may increase in density after a burn.

(1)http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/pdfs/environment/weeds/weeds_of_the_eastern_region_pt6.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2008] (2)http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/pennisetum.htm [Accessed 16 May 2008]

8.05

Don't know [intergeneric hybrids documented between other Pennisetum spp.]