Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & V.E. Barney. Family - Passifloraceae. Common Names(s) - banana poka, curuba ecuatoriana, curuba india, curuba quiteña, tacso amarillo. Synonym(s) - Passiflora mollissima.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

Total score:

24

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to the Andean region between Columbia and Ecuador.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053067762 [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

2.02

(1) Exact geographical range of origin is obscure.

(1) d'Eeckenbrugge, G. C., V. E. Barney, et al. (2001). "Passiflora tarminiana, a new cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia (Passifloraceae)." Novon 11(1): 8-15.

2.03

(1) Occurs from 2,000-3,600 m in the Andean highlands.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

2.04

(1) Native to the Andean region between Columbia and Ecuador.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053067762 [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

2.05

(1) Because of its edible fruit and attractive flowers, specimens were introduced into numerous tropical and subtropical areas, including Mexico, California, New Zealand, Australia, Hawai`i, New Guinea, the Kermadec Islands, India, Ceylon, and East Africa

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

3.01

(1) P. tarminiana is naturalized/invasive in Hawaii.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

3.02

3.03

(1) P. tarminiana was identified as the most serious problem in koa silviculture.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

3.04

(1) In Hawai`i, infestations of banana poka have resulted in large-scale disturbances and changes in native vegetation.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

3.05

(1) P. foetida is an invasive weed in Kakadu National Park, tropical northern Australia. (2) P. edulis is an invasive weed in the Galapagos.

(1) http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2863595&
q=passiflora+%2B+%22invasive%22&uid=&setcookie=yes [Accessed 2009 Jan 23]. (2) http://www.tropentag.de/2007/abstracts/links/Rueda_Ayala_wsQVn1os.php [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence in PubMed or Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez; http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Accessed 2009 Jan23].

4.06

(1) Several fungal pathogens, including Alternaria passiflorae and Colletotrichum sp. attack fruit. (2) Host to Passiflora latent virus, which affects P. edulis and P. ligularis.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23]. (2) http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-92-3-0486C [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

4.07

(1) No evidence in PubMed or Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez; http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Accessed 2009 Jan23].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) P. tarminiana tolerates both low and high light levels. Germinants do not tolerate dense shade, but shade tolerance increases in older seedlings.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1) Liana, vine

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

(1) Liana

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Passifloraceae.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Liana, Passifloraceae

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Liana

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence. (1) In its region of origin, P. tarminiana only exists under cultivation as a fruit crop, with a few individuals escaped from cultivation, but never forming significant wild populations. [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=336&fr=1&sts= [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.02

(1) Produces viable seeds.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.03

(1) In its native range, populations of banana poka are morphologically variable and frequently hybridize with other members of the subgenus Tacsonia. Introgressive hybrids are common.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.04

(1) P. tarminiana combines outcrossing early in anthesis with selfing at a later stage ensuring that isolated individuals can produce viable populations from a single colonizer

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.05

(1) Pollinated by generalist pollinators such as Apis mellifera and flower flies (Syrphidae).

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.06

(1) Reproduces by seed.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

6.07

(1) Plants may reproduce within a single year in areas of full sun or large canopy gaps within closed-canopy forests

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.01

(1) Invades Koa plantations.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.02

(1) Humans may assist in dispersal directly via transplanting or indirectly via the movement of animals (e.g., cattle, Bos taurus) from one range or island to another.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.03

(1) P. tarminiana is an invasive weed in Acacia koa silviculture.

http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.04

(1) Berries 6-8 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

7.05

(1) Seeds are dispersed along watercourses.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.06

(1) The fleshy fruits of banana poka are well adapted for dispersal by birds and mammals.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

7.07

(1) No means of attachment.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

(1) The fleshy fruits of banana poka are well adapted for dispersal by birds and mammals Hard, impervious seed coats allow adequate seed survival following animal ingestion.

(1) http://www.hear.org/books/apineh1992/pdfs/apineh1992ii7larosa.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

8.01

(1) Fruit is an oblong berry and contains up to 200 seeds.

(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E04 {Accessed 2009 Jan 23].

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1) Chemical control difficult because of large, inaccessible biomass often growing over non-target species.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/WeedsHI/W_Passiflora_tarminiana.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 23}.

8.04

Unknown

8.05

(1) Septoria passiflorae was introduced during 1996-1997 in the Hilo Forest Reserve. One year after inoculations, the weed biomass was reduced from 40-60% and by more than 95% five years later.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053067762 [Accessed 2009 Jan 23].