Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Passiflora rubra (red passionfruit)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

9

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Reported to be a problem species in the Cook Islands. On list of plants to be excluded from French Polynesia.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

1.03

No evidence

2.01

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zones 9a - 10b (2)Commonly collected at elevations > 1000 m but don't know how well it tolerates lowland environments

(!)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2434.html (2) Pérez S., D. M.; Mazzani, E.; Pacheco, W. 2001. Passiflora collection in the highlands of Aragua and Miranda, North-Central Venezuela. Colecta de pasifloras silvestres y cultivadas en zonas altas de los estados Aragua y Miranda. Región centro-norte de Venezuela. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, No.125, pp.9-1.

2.04

Native range - tropical America.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

2.05

(1)Introduced to Cook Islands. (2)United Kingdom (3)California (for sale worldwide)

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm (2)http://www.silktree.co.uk/exovine.html (3)http://www.driveservice.com/passiflora/index.htm

3.01

Reported to be a problem species in the Cook Islands. On list of plants to be excluded from French Polynesia.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

3.02

No evidence

3.03

Principle weed in Trinidad.

Holms et al. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1.

3.04

considered a "Dominant invader" in the Cook Islands

Jean-Yves Meyer. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). IN: Invasive species in the Pacific:A technical review and draft regional strategy. ISBN: 982-04-0214-X

3.05

(1)P. suberosa is a common weed in Taiwan and Australia. (2)Passiflora incarnata is a weed of agriculture (3)Passiflora mollisima is a pest in Hawai‘i

(1)Holms et al. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1. (2)http://www.farmsource.com/Labels/Sempra_CA_CG.pdf (3)http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~afs101/iwpt/web-sp13.htm

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Aecidium passifloriicola, Asterina megalospora, Ovulariopsis passiflorae, Puccinia scleriae were found to be associated with P. rubra. [Did not find the above fungi to be recognized pests].

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

Reputed narcotic by inhabitants of Jamaica and the Caribbean Islands.[No further evidence of it being a narcotic].

http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/passiflora.html

4.08

An evergreen vine

4.09

Sun to Partial Shade

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2434.html

4.1

No information on soil ecology.

4.11

It is a climber but did not find evidence of it having a smothering growth habit.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A climber with tendrils.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

possibly, since it is a perennial vine

6.01

Principle weed in Trinidad.

Holms et al. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1.

6.02

(1) Propagation by seed. (2)Reported to be a problem species in the Cook Islands. On list of plants to be excluded from French Polynesia.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

6.03

No information on hybridization.

6.04

No information

6.05

attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2434/

6.06

Propagation by seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

6.07

No information

7.01

No evidence

7.02

ornamental value

http://www.silktree.co.uk/exovine.html

7.03

No products

7.04

Fruit is a berry; red

7.05

Fruit is a berry; red

7.06

Fruit is a berry; red

7.07

seeds small, no means of attachment

7.08

bird dispersed

8.01

Fruit is a berry; red, soft, hairy, 6-lined, ellipsoidal, about 2.5 cm long. [unlikely, low fruit density]

http://www.hear.org/pier3/parub.htm

8.02

Passiflora seed are thought not to keep for long at all, a year is seen as old, with reduced chances of germination

http://www.passionflow.co.uk/seed11.htm

8.03

Passiflora sp. was controlled by Gramoxone at 4.2 litres/ha. [species unknown]

Mathew, M.; Punnoose, K. I.; Potty, S. N. 1977. Report on the results of chemical weed control experiments in the rubber plantations in South India. Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 54:478-488

8.04

No information. [possibly, it is a vine]

8.05

Don’t know.