Parkia speciosa Hassk. Family - Fabaceae . Common Names(s) - petai, sator. Synonym(s) -Inga pyriformis Jungh., Mimosa pedunculata Hunter, Parkia harbesonii Elmer, Parkia macrocarpa Miq.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Widely cultivated in its natural range. No large-scale plantations.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26781 [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

2.02

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26781 [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

2.03

(1) Occurs from 0-900 m in its natural range.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

2.04

(1) Native to Asia-Tropical: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26781 [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

2.05

Is cultivated widely in native range with limited introductions outside native range. (1) P. speciosa is a native of the Malay Peninsula, growing wild in lowland forests, often cultivated in Malay kampongs. It has been cultivated in Java since ancient times.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

3.01

No evidence.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence.

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

4.04

(1) Pods may be fed to swine. (2) Cattle can graze P. speciosa once established.

(1) http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac775e/AC775E04.htm [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].(2) www.metafro.be/leisa/1989/5-2-24.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

4.05

(1) Pods may be fed to swine. (2) Cattle can graze P. speciosa once established.

(1) http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac775e/AC775E04.htm [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].(2) www.metafro.be/leisa/1989/5-2-24.pdf [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

4.06

Unknown (1) Wood has no resistance to any kind of insect or wood borer attack or to wood-staining fungi; sapwood is susceptible to Lyctus borers. In the Far East, moth larvae (Argyroploce illepida and Mussidia pectinicornella) attack the seeds.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

4.07

(1) P.speciosa seeds, fruits and leaves are commonly used as a vegetable. The seeds and leaves are also used medicinally.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Requires some shade when young. Needs ample light for optimum growth.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

4.10

(1) P. speciosa grows in a wide variety of soils with slightly acidic to neutral on sandy and loamy soils, also waterlogged and podzolic soils.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

4.11

(1) P. speciosa is a tree about 30 m tall.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) P. speciosa is a tree about 30 m tall.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

5.02

(1) P. speciosa is in the Fabaceae

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

5.03

(1) Tree in the Fabaceae.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

5.04

(1) P. speciosa is a tree about 30 m tall.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Seeds germinate in 3-15 days.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) Self-incompatible.

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

6.05

(1) Bat pollinated. (2) This study in southern Thailand found that P. speciosa can be pollinated by insects. However, the type of insect and the importance to pollination were not determined. Eonycteris spelaea was the major pollinator.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12]. (2) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

6.06

(1) Farmers collect seedlings of P. speciosa from the wild and plant them in their homegarden or field. P. speciosa can be successfully propagated from stem cuttings and budding.

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258

6.07

(1) Flowering and fruiting begin at about 5 years old.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

7.01

Not likely. (1) Pods large, 35-55 cm long and 3-5 cm wide. Each pod contains 10-18 large seeds.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

7.02

(1) P. speciosa is a native of the Malay Peninsula, growing wild in lowland forests, often cultivated in Malay kampongs. It has been cultivated in Java since ancient times.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

7.03

Not likely. (1) Pods large, 35-55 cm long and 3-5 cm wide. Each pod contains 10-18 large seeds.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1258 [Accessed 2009 Jan 14].

7.04

(1) Bird dispersed.

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

7.05

(1) Bird dispersed.

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

7.06

(1) Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vzgil (Forster) is fond of the green pods of P. speciosa

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

7.07

no means of attachment

7.08

(1) Bird dispersed.

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

8.01

(1) In this study, the number of flowers per capitulum in P.speciosa was (2422 ±393, n=18), with 70-75% fertile).

(1) Bumrungsri, S., A. Harbit, et al. (2008). "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(Part 5): 467-475.

8.02

(1) Recalcitrant seeds, germination must take place almost immediately.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Accessed 2009 Jan 12].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown