Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Monstera deliciosa


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Monstera deliciosa (Philodendron pertusum) ; tarovine, swiss-cheese plant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

rare escape from cultivation (disturbed areas)

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24556 (29 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Oaxaca, Veracruz
Southern America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24556 (29 June 2002)
(2) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97 (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

(1) Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Oaxaca, Veracruz
Southern America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics
(2) Hardiness Zone: zones 10-11. May be grown outdoors in southern Florida only." (3)has a high moisture requirement (4)Altitude range in native habitat ~300-2000 m [restricted to shady, wet habitats but has broad elevation range; epiphyte]

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24556 (29 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Oaxaca, Veracruz
Southern America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics

2.05

(1) Mustafin, A. M. (1983) Monstera propagation by seed. Byulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada, 1983, No.51, pp.29-33, 8 ref.
(2) Gould, W. P.; Hallman, G. J. (2001) Laboratory and field infestation studies on monstera to determine its host status in relation to the Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist, 2001, Vol.84, No.3, pp.437-438, 7 ref.
(3) O'Connor, J. P. (2000) A second Irish locality for Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler (Hym., Formicidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 2000, Vol.136, No.1628-31, p.86
(4) Yeh DerMing (1998) Growth of six foliage plants in subirrigation systems. Journal of the Chinese Society for Horticultural Science, 1998, Vol.44, No.1, pp.81-92, 34 ref.
(5) Force, L. E.; Critchley, C.; Rensen, J. J. S. van (1998) Chlorophyll fluorescence induction in annual and perennial leaves. Photosynthesis: mechanisms and effects. Volume V. Proceedings of the XIth International Congress on Photosynthesis, Budapest, Hungary, 17-22 August, 1998

(1) Ukrainian SSR (2) Florida, USA (3) Irish Republic (4) Taiwan (5) Australia
(6) widely cultivated in tropics

3.01

Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

rare escape from cultivation (disturbed areas)

3.02

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

In Guatemala, it is raised in pots in patios to prevent too rampant growth, as it is apt to become an aggressive nuisance.

3.03

no evidence

3.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/MONDELA.PDF

not known to be invasive

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

(1)Gilleron, I.; Dissard, F. (1981) Poisoning by house and garden plants. [FT: Intoxications par les plantes d'appartement et de parc.] Notes de Toxicologie Veterinaire, 1981, Vol.4, No.1, pp.30-38, 6 ref. (2)http://www.thepoop.com/poisonous.asp

(1) The toxicity, symptoms produced and treatment of poisoning by house plants in five families are briefly reviewed: Araceae (Dieffenbachia, Monstera deliciosa, Philodendron scandens, Arum italicum); Solanaceae (Solanum pseudocapsicum, S. sodomeun); Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia pulchernina, E. marginata, Croton); Apocyanaceae (Allamanda cathartica); Moraceae (Ficus elastica). Also included are three garden plants: Poinciana (Leguminosae), Evonymus japonicus (Celastraceae) and Aucuba japonica maculata (Cornaceae). (2)Dog poisoning

4.06

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

leaf spot caused by Leptosphaeria sp., Macrophoma philodendri,Phytophthora sp., and Pseudomonas cichorri; anthracnose from Glomerella cingulata; bacterial soft rot from infection by Erwinia carotovora; and root rot caused by Pythium splendens and Rhizoctonia solani.

4.07

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.321 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

(1)"Fruit is eaten when ripe but can cause irritation to the throat when unripe. Other parts of the plant can cause minor stomach problems, and contact with the sap may irritate the skin." [applies only to sensitive individuals (rare)] (2)Some children and adults have reported diarrhea and intestinal gas after consuming the flesh

4.08

lush foliage

4.09

(1) Park SoHong; Lee YongBeom (1997) Effect of light acclimatization on photosynthetic activity of foliage plants. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 1997, Vol.38, No.1, pp.71-76, 36 ref.
(2) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97 (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

(1) AB: The photosynthetic activities of 10 foliage plants (all more than or equal to 2-years-old), grown under 40 or 80% shade, were investigated in a plastic house. Plants grown under low light intensity (80% shade) showed high photosynthetic rates at less than or equal to 200 micro molm-2s-1. Plants grown under high light intensity (40% shade) showed high photosynthetic rates at more than or equal to 300 micro molm-2s-1. Spathiphyllum patinii , Monstera deliciosa , Ficus benjamina and Syngonium podophyllum showed relatively high photosynthetic rates under low photon flux density regardless of leaf temperature and shade levels. In conditions similar to the indoor environment (50 micro molm-2s-1 light and 22 deg C), plants grown under 80% shade showed higher photosynthetic rates than those grown under 40% shade except Pachira aquatica . It was concluded that plants should be fully acclimatized to 80% shade before growing in buildings whose light intensity is less than or equal to 50 micro molm-2s-1. In area

4.1

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

(1)"Culture: rich, moist soils." (2)The plant grows vigorously in almost any soil, including limestone but flourishes best in well drained, rich loam. It is not adapted to saline conditions.

4.11

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97

"evergreen herbaceous vine, climbing."

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97

vine; Araceae

5.03

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97

"evergreen herbaceous vine."

5.04

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97

"evergreen herbaceous vine."

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Mustafin, A. M. (1983) Monstera propagation by seed. Byulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada, 1983, No.51, pp.29-33, 8 ref.

AB: Monstera deliciosa flowers indoors but rarely sets fruits and seeds. The numerous small flowers are borne on a spadix. Those at the base of the spadix are sterile, but the rest can be artificially pollinated and they set fruit readily. The fruits mature in 9-11 months and the fresh seeds are sown immediately. The seedlings are raised conventionally and the plants reach a salable size in 12-16 months, compared with 3 years needed by plants from cuttings. Seed-plants should be raised from terminal shoot cuttings, as they flower earlier than plants from lateral cuttings.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Ramirez B., W.; Gomez P., L. D. (1978) Production of nectar and gums by flowers of Monstera deliciosa (Araceae) and of some species of Clusia (Guttiferae) collected by New World Trigona bees. Brenesia, 1978, No.14/15, pp.407-412

AB: Monstera deliciosa, like other aroids, produces thick gum-like nectar which is deposited on the stigma. Large numbers of Trigona corvina were observed collecting this nectar with their mandibles, and packing it into their corbiculae; they also collected pollen. Several species of Trigona were seen collecting a gummy, resinous substance from the androecium of Clusia odorata. It is thought that the bees use these substances both for food and as a propolis-like building material. The secretions attract pollinators, provide a deceiving food source which prevents flower tissue destruction, and acts as an adhesive for the pollen grains. D. G. Lowe [the gummy reward will probably only attract specialist Trigona, but the pollen reward may attract some generalist bees]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

Suckers will fruit in 2 to 4 years [refers to plants artificially propagated by cutting off suckers; fruiting from seed will be longer]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24556 (29 June 2002)

Distributional range: "widely cultivated in tropics"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.97 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

(1)" Fruit: Densely packed berries, yellow; edible with pineapple/banana flavor." (2) In India, wire cages are placed around developing fruits to protect them from rats, squirrels, monkeys and other creatures.[no mention of bird damage]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

animal ingested and dispersed

8.01

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ceriman.html

Generally there are no seeds, but sometimes, pale-green, hard seeds the size of large peas, may occur in a dozen or so of the segments.

8.02

Mustafin, A. M. (1983) Monstera propagation by seed. Byulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada, 1983, No.51, pp.29-33, 8 ref.

seeds are sown immediately.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://pss.uvm.edu/pss123/folmonst.html

often frequent pruning or propagation to keep to desired size

8.05

no evidence


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