Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 7
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
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Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. Family- Fabaceae. Common names - tepescohuite, Jurema. Synonyms - Acacia tenuiflora Willd. (basionym), Mimosa cabrera H. Karst., Mimosa hostilis (Mart.) Benth. |
Answer |
Score |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) |
n |
0 |
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1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
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1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
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2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
2 |
|
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2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
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2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
n |
|
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3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
0 |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
y |
2 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y |
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|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
n |
0 |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
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|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
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4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
n |
0 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
n |
0 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y |
1 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
n |
0 |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y |
1 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y |
1 |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y |
1 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
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6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
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6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
n |
-1 |
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6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
n |
0 |
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6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
0 |
|
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7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
n |
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7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y |
1 |
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7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y |
1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y |
1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
n |
-1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
n |
-1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y |
1 |
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8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y |
1 |
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8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
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8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y |
-1 |
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8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
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Total score: |
7 |
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Supporting data:
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Notes |
Reference |
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1.01 |
No evidence |
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1.02 |
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1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1)Native: |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl
(2)Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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2.02 |
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2.03 |
"Its taxonomic identity is established as Mimosa tenuflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). It blooms and fructifies from November to June, occurring in Mexico (the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil, at altitudes of 0-1110 (-1520) m. In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pious and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands." (2)Mainly collected below 1000 m |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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2.04 |
(1)Native: |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl
(2)Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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2.05 |
No evidence of introductions outside of native range. |
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3.01 |
No evidence |
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3.02 |
No evidence |
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3.03 |
No evidence |
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3.04 |
"This species has certain advantages for its establishment in open areas, given by the abundant production of seeds, their small size, the rate of germination and the fast growth, as well as by its seedling characters: the tap root system, the hypocotyl-epicotyl axis woody at the base and, the compound leaves with linear-oblong leaflets having changes in orientation in response to light. Our results confirm the invasive and typically secondary character of this species." [No evidence regarding impact] |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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3.05 |
"Mimosa pigra is an invasive weed, especially in parts of South East Asia and Australia. It reproduces via buoyant seed pods that can be spread long distances in flood waters. M. pigra has the potential to spread through natural grassland floodplain ecosystems and pastures, converting them into unproductive scrubland able to sustain lower levels of biodiversity. In Thailand M. pigra blocks irrigation systems that supply rice fields, reducing crop yield and harming farming livelihoods. In Vietnam it has invaded unique ecosystems in protected areas, threatening the biodiversity of seasonally inundated grasslands." |
http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp |
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4.01 |
"It is one of scores of Mimosa species and cognates; as a medicinal plant this particular species has acquired a variety of colloquial names as well as several synonym Latin binomials- including M. hostilis in reference to the plant having significant spines." |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_hostilis |
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4.02 |
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4.03 |
No evidence |
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4.04 |
Don’t know. |
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4.05 |
(1)"Abstract: The causes of perinatal lamb mortality were studied, from March 2002 to October 2004, on 27 farms in the semiarid region of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. In 90 lambs necropsied the following frequency of different causes of death was found: neonatal infections (41.1%), malformations (23.3%), dystocia (10%), starvation/hypothermia (10%), abortion (4.4%), and predation (2.2%). Regarding the time of death, 4.40% of the lambs died before parturition, 10% during parturition, 30% on the first day after parturition, 20% between the second and the third day, and 35.6% between the 4th and the 28th day after parturition. The assistance during parturition, umbilical disinfection of the neonates, colostrum ingestion between 2 and 6 hours after parturition, and keeping the ewes in healthy environmental conditions during and after parturition could improve lamb surviving. The high frequency of malformations in different breeds Suggests that malformations are due to a toxic plant. The main defects were permanent flexure of the front legs, brachygnathia, cleft palate, and other head malformations. In a recent report the authors demonstrated the teratogenic effects of Mimosa tenuiflora, a very common plant in the semiarid region, which is probably the cause of those malformations. Lambs which died due to starvation/hypothermia and had low birth weight (1.37 +/- 0.70kg), suggesting that a better nutrition of the ewe during the last trimester of gestation is a way to control this cause of lamb mortality. Considering that in the northeastern region, in most farms, the rams stay with the ewes during the whole year, the adoption of a breeding season would help to control the different causes of perinatal lamb mortality." (2)Abstract- "Malformations as cleft palate, flexure of fore limbs, microphthalmia and scoliosis caused by the ingestion of Mimosa tenuiflora are common in goats, sheep and cattle in the Brazilian semiarid. The aim of this research was to identify a laboratory animal as an experimental model to study the teratogenic effects of Mimosa tenuiflora. Twenty five pregnant Wistar rats were used. The experimental group had 15 females and received, from the 6º to the 21º day of pregnancy, ration containing 10% of M.tenuiflora seeds. The control group, with 10 females, received the same ration without seeds of M. tenuiflora. There were no significant differences in weight gains, and food and water consumption between treated and control rats. Eighty four malformations were observed in 111 fetuses from the experimental group, and 4 malformations were observed in 58 fetuses from the control group (p<0.05). The more common malformations were cleft palate and scoliosis observed in 33 and 9 treated fetuses, respectively, and in none of the non treated fetuses. Malformations of the cranium were observed in 14 treated fetuses and in none of the non treated fetuses. Other bone malformations were less frequent. The weight and the ossification level of the fetuses of the experimental group were higher than those from the control group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the seeds of Mimosa tenuiflora are non toxic to the mothers, but contain teratogenic substances for the fetuses, and that the rat can be considered a good experimental model to study the malformations caused by the plant." |
(1)da Nobrega, Jandui Escariao Jr; Riet-Correa, Franklin;
Nobrega, Rossana S., et al. |
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4.06 |
The following 4 fungi were listed to be associated with M.
tenuiflora: Cladosporium sp. |
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4.07 |
No evidence |
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4.08 |
Probably yes - a dry forest speceis that can occur as thickets - "In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pious and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands. This species has an aggregate distribution in the forests and a uniform one in the thickets." |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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4.09 |
"In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pious and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands. This species has an aggregate distribution in the forests and a uniform one in the thickets." [Doubtful -- a tree of dry habitats] |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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4.1 |
"… and it has a wide range of tolerance to climatic and edaphic factors, confirming their invasive character." |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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4.11 |
No evidence |
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4.12 |
A dry forest species that can occur as thickets -(1) "In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pious and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands. This species has an aggregate distribution in the forests and a uniform one in the thickets." (2)"As shifting cultivation is still a widespread practice, significant areas are left in fallow every year, of which, important parts are occupied by M. tenuiflora. The species forms dense and homogeneous populations with very thin trunks. Thinning of these populations using the reported management technique through coppicing in the rainy season, might reduce stem density and increase tree diameter." |
(1)Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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5.01 |
"A perennial evergreen shrub …" |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_hostilis |
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5.02 |
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5.03 |
Mimosaceae |
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5.04 |
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6.01 |
No evidence |
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6.02 |
"It is concluded that optimum temperatures for seed germination of M. tenuiflora are 20degreeC and 25degreeC; seeds are indistinctly photoblastic; percentage and rate of germination are highly increased by coat scarification. " |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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6.03 |
Don’t know. |
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6.04 |
Don’t know. |
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6.05 |
Probably not - photo of flowers does not suggest specialist pollinators might be involved in pollination. |
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&rls=DIUS,DIUS:2006-15,DIUS:en&q=%22Mimosa+tenuiflora%22&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi |
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6.06 |
No evidence of vegetative spread. |
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6.07 |
probably 2 to 3 years based on growth habit and size |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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7.01 |
Probably not - no evidence that the plant grows in heavily trafficked areas. |
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7.02 |
"Regionally, the wood is used as fuel and fence construction, and against skin wounds and bums (bark tea, powder and/or ointment), and iverse-products, such as shampoos, creams, capsules, soaps, etc., are commercialized." |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucia |
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7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence that the plant growns in or around seed crops. |
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7.04 |
"Fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5-8 m from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination. " |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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7.05 |
"Fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5-8 m from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination. " |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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7.06 |
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7.07 |
No evidence that the propagules have any means of dispersal. |
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7.08 |
No evidence |
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8.01 |
"This species has certain advantages for its establishment in open areas, given by the abundant production of seeds, their small size, the rate of germination and the fast growth, as well as by its seedling characters: …" |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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8.02 |
"Germination experiments were carried out after four years of seed storage; 1 935 seeds were sown in Petri dishes containing moistened Wathman filter paper. Optimum temperatures were determined in a gradient 5-40degreeC, with continuous light for mechanically scarified and non scarified seeds. Three photoperiod experiments were made: a) continuous light, b) constant darkness and c) 12 hr light/12 hr darkness. Three germinate pretreatments were applied: a) mechanical scarification, b) sulfuric acid scarification, c) fire scarification and d) control. ... It is concluded that optimum temperatures for seed germination of M. tenuiflora are 20degreeC and 25degreeC; seeds are indistinctly photoblastic; percentage and rate of germination are highly increased by coat scarification." |
Camargo-Ricalde, Sara L.; Grether, Rosaura |
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8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
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8.04 |
"Abstract - The cutting of plants for wood and charcoal production is a frequent practice in the largest biome of the semi-arid region of Brazil, known as caatinga. The capacity of cut trees to regenerate has not until now been considered in the management of caatinga trees. This research evaluates the capacity for survival and sprouting of four caatinga species exposed to different types of cutting. The research was undertaken in three areas of the caatinga with populations of Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Croton sonderianus, Mimosa tenuiflora and Mimosa ophthalmocentra. In the wet and dry seasons individual trees were either coppiced, pollarded, crown-thinned, or left as controls. The different types of cutting did not affect strongly the survival of the trees, but did influence their capacity for sprouting, the degree of which depended on species and treatment. Coppicing in the rainy season was the least recommendable treatment for managing Mimosa since it resulted in relatively high mortality. Management plans for the caatinga should consider these observations. " "The four caatinga tree species in this study show a survival greater than 50% regardless of the cutting practices applied. The seasonal climate has little effect on the survival of trees, but the season that cutting is undertaken and the type of cutting practice applied affects the capacity for sprouting and survival of some species, notably Mimosa tenuiflora and Mimosa ophthalmocentra." |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6X-4JXY3RJ-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F01%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search |
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8.05 |
Don’t know. |
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