Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle (Synonyms Mimosa invisa Martius (1837), non Martius ex Colla (1834).); giant false sensitive plant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

y

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

24

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

1.03

Mimosa diplotricha has been subdivided into 3 varieties:
— var. diplotricha: spiny; fruits 1—2.5(—3.2) cm long, containing 2—8 seeds; distributed all over tropical America and pantropically as a weed;
— var. odibilis Barneby: spiny; fruits 4—7 cm long, containing 12—16 seeds; only known from Mexico;
— var. inermis (Adelb.) Veldkamp (synonym: Mimosa invisa Martius var. inermis Adelb.): spineless, for the rest like var. diplotricha; the spineless form originated in Indonesia, where it gradually replaced the spiny forms as soil cover in plantations; spineless forms have also been discovered in other tropical areas, but unlike the Javanese form, most of them do not breed true. [spiny variety is considered weedy]

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

2.01

Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

2.02

Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

2.03

(1)It occurs at various altitudes, from 0—2000 m above sea level. (2)Specimens up to 1600 m (3)Naturalized in high rainfall areas (4)dies away in prolonged dry seasons [but can grow as an annual in these areas]

(1)Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004. (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?ssdp=01334089 (3)http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/pest/PP27.pdf (4)Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

2.04

Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

2.05

(1)Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory. (2)Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Fed. States of Micronesia; Guam; New Caledonia; Niue; Papua New Guinea; American Samoa; Western Samoa; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntNameSrc

3.01

Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

3.02

Roadside weed / nuisence

http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf

3.03

(1)Creeping sensitive plant is a native of Brazil and is a serious weed in the Philippines, SouthEast Asia and the Pacific Islands. It occurs as a serious pest of cane fields, roadsides and wet coastal pastures in northern Queensland, but has not yet been recorded in the NorthernTerritory. ... It is a major weed of cultivation areas and has the ability to climb over other plants. Animals will not enter infested areas due to the plant’s recurved prickles. (2) Is a category P1 and P2 weed in Australia. (P1 - Prohibits movement. - The movement of plants or their seeds is prohibited within the State. This prohibits the movement of contaminated machinery and produce including livestock and fodder. P2- Aims to eradicate infestation. Treat all plants to destroy and prevent propagation each year until no plants remain. The infested area must be managed in such a way that prevents the spread of seed or plant parts on or in livestock, fodder, grain, vehicles and/or machinery. (3) 'Please do not order this spe

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm (4)TI: Priority lists for weed research in the wet- and dry-tropics of north Queensland.
AU: Bebawi-F-F {a}; Campbell-S-D {a}; Stanley-T-D
SO: Plant-Protection-Quarterly. [print] 2002; 17 (2): 67-73.. (5)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm (6)http://netenergy.dpie.gov.au/content/print.cfm?objectid=
C99198D-B85E-4D2E-B813B2D259309BF6&showdocs=all

3.04

It invades areas where the soil has been disturbed [weed of cultivated lands]

http://netenergy.dpie.gov.au/content/print.cfm?objectid=DC99198D-
B85E-4D2E-B813B2D259309BF6&showdocs=all

3.05

(1) 'Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae) poses a tremendous threat to agriculture, the conservation of wetlands and land use practices of the Aboriginal people of Australia (Braithwaite et al. 1989).' (2)In Australia M. pigra poses a threat to the cattle industry as it invades buffalo pasture.

(1)http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/99papers/marko.htm (2)http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-sp11.htm

4.01

The leaves are bright green, sensitive, and with prickly petioles andrachis. … The fruit is a spiny pod with three to fourseeds. ...Animals will not enter infested areas due to the plant’s recurved prickles.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.02

"The typical, spiny form of Mimosa diplotricha used to be cultivated as a green manure, fallow crop and cover crop. " [In addition to no report of allelopathy, the plant is often reported to increase crop growth]

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=Mimosa+invisa&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

"Mature spiny plants discourage animals from grazing them, although buffaloes are said to eat young shoots."

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

4.05

(1) "Pigs are reported to be poisoned by ingesting large amounts, probably of the spineless form."
(2) cattle poisoning
(3) Twenty-two swamp buffaloes of the Eagkachai Farm died 18-36 hours after eating M. invisa Mart var. inermis Adelbert. The symptoms included salivation, stiffness, lack of mastication, muscular tremor, dyspnoea, and recumbency. The lesions revealed congestion and petechial haemorrhage of heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, rumen and intestines. The toxic elements of M. invisa are cyanide and nitrite. An extract with water was toxic to mice with LD50 = 0.6 gm/kg while an extract with alcohol showed LD50 = 0.22 gm/kg.

(1) Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004. (2) Alex, P. C.; Rajankutty, K.; Valsala, K. V.; Nair, K. N. M. (1991) Mimosa poisoning in a heifer. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1991, Vol.22, No.1, pp.134-136, 1 ref. (3) Tungtrakanpoung, N.; Rhienpanish, K. (1992) The toxicity of Mimosa invisa Mart. var. inermis Adelbert to buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin, 1992, Vol.11, No.2, pp.30-31, 2 ref.

4.06

The following 4 fungi were listed to be associated with Mimosa invisa: Colletotrichum truncatum: Papua New Guinea - 6277
Meliola sp.: Papua New Guinea - 6277
Meliola venezuelana var. neocaledonica: New Caledonia - 6036
Uredo mimosae-invisae: Brazil - 5819, 34636 No evidence that the above are recognized pests.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

(1)All parts of this plant can be toxic and should not be ingested. (2)AB: A case of poisoning due to "Anathottawadi" (Mimosa invisa) in a heifer was reported.

(1)http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm (2)TI: Mimosa poisoning in a heifer.
AU: Alex-P-C; Rajankutty-K; Valsala-K-V; Nair-K-N-Muraleedharan
SO: Journal-of-Veterinary-and-Animal-Sciences. 1991 (1993); 22 (1) 134-136..

4.08

A wildland fire hazard when dry.

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm

4.09

Mimosa diplotricha is an aggressive colonizer. It grows best where fertility, soil and air humidity and light are all high [not likely to tolerate shade but no specific evidence]

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

4.1

(1) It grows best where fertility, soil and air humidity and light are all high and dies away in prolonged dry seasons
Although it prefers light, permeable soils, it can also be grown on heavy clay soils.

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

4.11

Not climbing.
(2) "The spineless form is less effective in smothering weeds. In rubber estates in Indonesia and Malaysia Mimosa diplotricha was prevented from climbing trees and its growth was checked by pulling its branches back and beating them down with bamboo sticks."; "Mimosa diplotricha has a robust growth and scrambles over other plants forming spreading, tangled masses or thickets of undergrowth up to 2 m tall, eventually forming pure stands. "

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/16999.shtml
(2) Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

4.12

Mimosa invisa is a shrubby, herbaceous spreading perennial plant that has the capacity to formdense thickets

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:6sF3zWZWO6YJ:www.nt.gov.au/
dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/493.pdf+Mimosa+invisa&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

5.01

Terrestrial

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm

5.02

A shrub

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm

5.03

'AB: A field experiment was conducted in an adult coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) plantation in an acidic laterite soil type to test the feasibility of partially substituting fertilizer-N with the N contributed by cover legume-Rhizobium system when grown as green manures in a coconut basin. The treatments included in situ cultivation and incorporation of two leguminous creepers, Mimosa invisa and Calopogonium mucunoides in a 1.8-m radius basin area surrounding the palm, with inorganic N doses of 250 g and 375 g and a control (devoid of legume) with 500 g N palm-1 supplied as urea. Mimosa invisa and C. mucunoides produced 20.5 kg and 12.8 kg of above-ground wet biomass and 134.8 g N and 70.0 g N basin-1, respectively, when harvested after 140 days growth for incorporation. Higher N2-fixation efficiency was shown by M. invisa as evidenced by nodule biomass and acetylene reduction activity of the nodulated root system. Analysis of the coconut basin soils revealed a trend towards higher N in legumes+375 g N trea

SO: Tropical-Agriculture. [print] January, 2001; 78 (1): 13-18..

5.04

A shrub

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing.

http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

"In the Philippines the Italian honeybee, Apis mellifera, collects large amounts of pollen of Mimosa diplotricha and Mimosa pudica L. during the distinct 'Mimosa pollen season' (October—March). At this time over 80% of the pollen collected originates from Mimosa species."

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

6.06

Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing.

http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm

6.07

(1)some plants only 10cm high can set seeds. (2)Plants are scrambling annuals or perennials

(1)http://www.whitsunday.qld.gov.au/NewsJuly2002.pdf (2)http://netenergy.dpie.gov.au/content/print.cfm?objectid=DC99198D-B85E-4D2E-B813B2D259309BF6&showdocs=all

7.01

(1)Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing. (2)vehicles, machinery, stock and contaminated earth transports Seeds.

(1)http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm (2)http://www.whitsunday.qld.gov.au/NewsJuly2002.pdf

7.02

"The typical, spiny form of Mimosa diplotricha used to be cultivated as a green manure, fallow crop and cover crop. However, it is now considered a noxious weed because it aggressively colonizes open spaces, produces large amounts of easily distributed seed and may pose a fire hazard. Because of its spines, it is especially notorious in hand-harvested sugar cane. The spineless form is still cultivated. It is an excellent soil improver, cover crop and soil binder against erosion in humid areas, but is somewhat less effective in smothering weeds than the spiny form "

Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

7.03

Sugar cane contaminated with giant sensitive plant seed should not be harvested or transported.

http://www.whitsunday.qld.gov.au/NewsJuly2002.pdf

7.04

Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing.

http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm

7.05

Seeds are spread by running water

http://netenergy.dpie.gov.au/content/print.cfm?objectid=DC99198D-B85E-4D2E-B813B2D259309BF6&showdocs=all

7.06

Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing.

http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm

7.07

Propagation is by the barbed seeds which are spread by animals or on clothing.
(2) Pods of the spiny forms have spiny surfaces and are easily distributed by animals and farm machinery.

http://www.shaman-australis.com/Website/subcat94.htm
(2) Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.

7.08

[hard legume seeds could be ingested with the green parts of the plants]

8.01

Probably not - seeds relatively large. 'fruit a pod, spiny, three- to four-seeded, borne in clusters, linear, flat, 10-35 mm long, splitting transversely into one-seeded sections which separate at grooves or seams (sutures); seeds flat, ovate, 2 to 2.5 mm long, light brown.'
(2) The weight of 1000 seeds is about 6 g. [The seeds is not large. Picture also shows clustered pods on peduncles] (3)Only 4-5 seeds per pod [based on photo]

(2) Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004. (3)http://netenergy.dpie.gov.au/content/print.cfm?objectid=DC99198D-B85E-4D2E-B813B2D259309BF6&showdocs=all

8.02

(1)"The seed may germinate immediately or remain dormant in the soil for a long period."; "Seed kept in 98°C hot water for 1.5 minutes or in 98% sulphuric acid for 20—30 minutes showed a high percentage of germination. Dry heat has also given a high germination rate. " (2)Seeds have been known to lie dormant for up to 50 years.

(1)Doungsa-ard, C. & Tawan, C.S., 2003. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle. [Internet] Record number 3031 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004. (2)http://www.whitsunday.qld.gov.au/NewsJuly2002.pdf

8.03

Chemical: "Not susceptible to: 1) soil fumigants and short-term residual herbicides, although temporarily controlled with atrazine, diuron and hexazinone at standard to high rates. Susceptible to: Translocated herbicides including sodium arsenite, 2,4-D plus atrazine, fluroxypyr and probably glyphosate at standard rates". (Swarbrick, 1997)

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm

8.04

control by slashing [suggesting low tolerance]

http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/pest/PP27.pdf

8.05

(1)AB: The giant sensitive plant, Mimosa invisa Von Martius, became a serious weed pest on the main islands of Pohnpei and Yap, states of the Federated States of Micronesia in the early 1990's. Pure cultures of a psyllid, Heteropsylla spinulosa Muddsman, Hodkinson and Hollis, imported from Australia were released in several sites infested with M. invisa around Pohnpei and Yap. A few months after release, the psyllid became established and controlled M. invisa. Initially, infested M. invisa looked unhealthy, then turned brown and died. (2)'AB: Mimosa invisa Mart. is a serious weed to range lands, plantations, subsistence gardens and non-productive areas in Papua New Guinea. Recently a biocontrol agent, Heteropsylla spinulosa (Homoptera: Psyllidae) was imported and field releases were made in the Markham-Ramu Valleys. Initial assessments indicated that the psyllid is becoming widely established in the field. Application of nitrogen fertilizer to M. invisa plants significantly increased H. spinulosa numbers.'

(1)TI: Biological control of the weed, Mimosa invisa Von Martius, on Pohnpei and Yap.
AU: Esguerra-Nelson-M; William-Jonah-D; Samuel-Rodasio-P; Diopulos-Klasthin-J
SO: Micronesica-. Dec., 1997; 30 (2) 421-427..
PY: 1997 (2)TI: Importation and establishment of Heteropsylla spinulsa (Homoptera; Psyllidae) for the biological control of Mimosa invisa in Papua New Guinea.
AU: Kuniata-L-S
SO: International-Journal-of-Pest-Management. 1994; 40 (1) 64-65..
PY: 1994 (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mimosa_diplotricha.htm (4)Internation JOurnal of Pest Management, 1994. 40(1): 64-65.