Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Mandevilla × amabilis (Backh. & Backh. f.) Dress = M. splendens × ?.; Dipladenia × amabilis (pink allamanda hybrid, Mandevilla hybrid, Mandevilla Alice duPont)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-11

Notes

Source

1.01

"apparently a hybrid involving M. splendens and another, unidentified species that originated in England in 1868" [a hybrid originated from cultivation more than 100 years ago and now widely cultivated; does not occur in nature]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

"Hardiness Range 10A to 11. Rapid growth and profuse flowering have helped Allamanda become popular as an annual in cooler regions where freezing temperatures kill the plant to the ground. "

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

2.02

2.03

"Hardiness Range 10A to 11. Rapid growth and profuse flowering have helped Allamanda become popular as an annual in cooler regions where freezing temperatures kill the plant to the ground. "

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

2.04

(1)"apparently a hybrid involving M. splendens and another, unidentified species that originated in England in 1868" [a hybrid originated from cultivation; no real natural range, however one of the parent species of the hybrid, M. splendens, is from Brazil] (3)Native Range: None

(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23340 (08 July 2004) (3)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A527

2.05

(1) Hawaii, (2) Italy, (3) Australia, (4) United States

(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310
(2) Pennisi, A. M. , Cacciola, S. O. , Raudino, F. , Pane, A. (2002) First report of Botrytis blight on Medinilla magnifica and various species of Mandevilla and Allamanda in Italy. Plant Disease, 2002, Vol. 86, No. 10, pp. 1175, 1 ref.
(3) Bunker, E. J. (2003) Variety: 'Parfait Blush'. Application no. 2003/059. Plant Varieties Journal, 2003, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 23-24
(4) http://plantsdatabase.com/go/48934/

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Mandevilla laxa was listed as an environmental weed in Australia (Blue mountains region)

http://www.zip.com.au/~aabr/info/weed_lists/weed02.html

4.01

no description of these traits

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Don't know

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

Mandevilla anceps, M. annulariifolia, M. stephanotidifolia, M. subcarnosa qre 4 congeneric species said to have caustic latex, but no evidence of the same effectoe suggestion of caution for this species.

http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html

4.08

Persistence: Evergreen

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

4.09

Exposure: Full sun

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

4.1

Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

4.11

"Liana with thin stems to 10 m long"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial liana

5.02

liana, Apocynaceae

5.03

liana, Apocynaceae

5.04

"Root Form: tuber" [vine with storage root]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena]

6.01

artificial hybrid without native range, not relevant

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

6.02

(1)"Fruit a slender capsule but rarely forming" (2)Propagate by cuttings [no evidence of propagation by seed]

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310 (2)http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ho/ho65/ho65.htm

6.03

no evidence. 'Mandevilla × amoena 'Alice du Pont', this tender, long-flowering and very showy evergreen climber is a hybrid between Mandevilla × amabilis and Mandevilla splendens.'

http://www.cfgphoto.com/details.php?image_id=2748

6.04

sterile hybrid

6.05

"Though Mandevilla hirsuta and Justicia secunda were copious nectar producers, bees were only occasional visitors and they did not pollinate."
[another congeneric species, Mandevilla hirsuta, is pollinated by hummingbird]

Linhart, Y. B. Feinsinger, P. (1980) Plant-hummingbird interactions: effects of island size and degree of specialization on pollination. Journal of Ecology, 1980, Vol. 68, pp. 745-760

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Don't know [no seeds]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

an ornamental

7.03

"Fruit a slender capsule but rarely forming" [Otherwise no evidence of propagation by seed]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

7.04

Mandevilla spp. seeds are dispersed by wind [but hybrid is sterile]

http://www.nybg.org/bsci/french_guiana/wind.html

7.05

no evidence

7.06

"Fruit a slender capsule but rarely forming" [Otherwise no evidence of propagation by seed]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"Fruit a slender capsule but rarely forming" [Otherwise no evidence of propagation by seed]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

8.02

sterlie

8.03

no evidence

8.04

(1) Regular heading back several of the twining stems each year will help generate new foliage and flowers near the ground. [tolerate heavy pruning] (2) Hardiness: USDA Zones 9-11. In Zone 8 mandevilla is typically killed back by frosts but usually grows back from the roots in spring. [ability to regenerate from underground parts]

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. [The 'Alice du Pont' cultivar under name M. x amoena] (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/M/mandev.cfm

8.05

no evidence