Macroptilium bracteatum risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Macroptilium bracteatum

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Macroptilium bracteatum (burgundy bean) Synonyms: Phaseolus bracteatus Nees & Mart., Phaseolus decipiens Benth. Family - Fabaceae	Answer	Score
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated?	n	0
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	2
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2	2
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	y	1
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y	1
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05	n	-2
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	y	2
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	n	0
4.02	Allelopathic	n	0
4.03	Parasitic	n	0
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals	n	-1
4.05	Toxic to animals	n	0
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	n	0
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	n	0
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	n	0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	y	1
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	y	1
4.12	Forms dense thickets	n	0
5.01	Aquatic	n	0
5.02	Grass	n	0
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	n	0
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	n	0
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	n	0
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y	1
6.03	Hybridizes naturally	n	-1
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	y	1
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	n	0
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	n	-1
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	1	1
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	n	-1
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y	1
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	n	-1
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	n	-1
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	n	-1
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	n	-1
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	n	-1
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	n	-1
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	y	1
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)	n	-1
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire	y	1
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)
	Total score:		-1

Supporting data:

	Notes	Reference
1.01	No evidence that the cultivated species is substantially different from the plants occurring in the wild.
1.02
1.03	"Two cultivars have been registered (Cadarga and Juanita). Cardarga has an erect form and is consistently high yielding, but it can be affected by bean mosaic virus in wet years. Juanita is more decumbent; although slightly less productive, it does not appear to be affected by the mosaic virus. Blends of both varieties may be marketed under a brand name by the seed company holding marketing rights." "It is therefore essential to allow seed drop of both cultivars, but especially 'Cadarga', for burgundy bean persistence. Although 'Juanita is strongly perennial , 'Cadarga' is less so and relies far more upon seed production and seedling recruitment to persist." ly	http://www.tropicalgrasslands.asn.au/pastures/burgundy.htm
2.01	"Native to: South America: Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Formosa), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Peru (La Libertad), Venezuela (Anzoategui)."	http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_bracteatum.htm
2.02	Introduced to the U.S. mainland, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.	http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MACRO4
2.03	"M. bracteatum has mostly been collected between about 10 and 27°S, and up to 12°N. It occurs at >1,200 m asl at 24°S (average annual temperature 17.5°C) to lower altitude areas with average annual temperature of 25°C. It germinates and commences growth at lower temperatures than many other tropical and subtropical legumes. If moisture is available, it germinates and commences regrowth some weeks earlier than C. ternatea in spring in the subtropics. In the higher latitude subtropics where early spring rains can often occur, this is one of its most valuable characteristics. In addition to its capacity to grow in cooler temperatures, M. bracteatum has been used successfully in pasture areas that typically have high summer temperatures (>35ºC)."	http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_bracteatum.htm
2.04	"Native to: South America: Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Formosa), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Peru (La Libertad), Venezuela (Anzoategui)."	http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_bracteatum.htm
2.05	(1)Introduced to the U.S. mainland, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. (2)Introduced to South Africa.	(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MACRO4 (2)Mokoboki, H. K.; Ndlovu, L. R.; Ayisi, K. K. Chemical and physical parameters of forage legume species introduced in the Capricorn region of Limpopo Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Animal Science 32 (4) : 247-255 2002
3.01	No evidence of naturalization
3.02	No evidence
3.03	No evidence - Also - "Burgundy bean is readily eaten and can produce liveweight gains of up to 1 kg/day. It rarely lasts more than 4 years under grazing. Although there is strong seedling regeneration each year over a short period, most of the seed is soft. Because of this low proportion of hard seed, burgundy bean is unlikely to become a serious weed of subsequent crops."	http://www.tropicalgrasslands.asn.au/pastures/burgundy.htm
3.04	No evidence - Also "Ability to spread - Has the ability to spread through pod dehiscence and high seed yields but high palatability results in little spread outside of sown paddock."	http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_bracteatum.htm
3.05	(1)The invasive, dark purple-flowered weed, ‘Black Pea’ or ‘Siratro’ (Macroptilium atropurpureum) is a serious problem in parts of Minyirr Park and elsewhere in the Shire of Broome. Although the Black Pea is now pan-tropical, it is native to tropical America (p.158, Broome and Beyond….). If systematic control and eradication measures are not implemented, the coastal vegetation of Minyirr Park will become seriously degraded. Already, a large area of monsoon vine-thicket vegetation in Minyirr Park is overgrown with Black Pea, smothering native trees and shrubs. Being deep-rooted, the Black Pea is particularly tenacious once established in a locality. (2)Indooroopilly Island Conservation Park:Weeds are a major problem on the park. Invasive grasses and other ground covers such as molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora and siratro Macroptilium atropurpureum are preventing native species, including canopy trees, from regenerating.	(1)http://www.broome.wa.gov.au/pdf/minutes/2002/CPMC-16May02.pdf (2)http://www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/park/managing/Indooroopilly.pdf
4.01	No evidence of such structures.	http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_bracteatum.htm
4.02	No evidence
4.03	No evidence