Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 7
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
|
Macroptilium atropurpureum; purple bushbean, siratro |
Answer |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
y |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
Total score: |
7 |
||
Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
|
|
1.01 |
Shanker, R. U.; Ganeshaiah, K. N. (1980) Evolutionary significance of pollen to ovule ratio - a study in some pulse crops. Current Science, 1980, Vol.49, No.6, pp.244-245, 5 ref. |
AB: Tabulated data are presented on the ratio of pollen grain number to ovule number per flower in domesticated, semidomesticated and wild pulses of five genera, viz. Macrotyloma uniflorum (determinate and indeterminate forms), M. axillare, Vigna sesquipedalis, V. sinensis, V. repens, V. radiata, V. mungo, V. umbellata, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Phaseolus trilobus, Ph. panduratus and Glycine max 'Jupitore' and 'Black Kulti'. The wild material had higher pollen grain : ovule ratios than the domesticated, semidomesticated types being intermediate. In G. max, the land race Black Kulti had a higher ratio than the cultivar Jupitore. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: The pollen number/anther and the pollen to ovule ratio/flower were lower in Macrotyloma uniflorum than in its related wild sp. M. accilare [axillare] and in Phaseolus mungo [= Vigna mungo] and P. radi atus [= V. radiata] than in their related wild spp. P. atropurpureus [= Macroptilium atropurpureum], P. trilobus [= V. trilobata] and P. panduratus, and also to a |
|
1.02 |
(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm
Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm
Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104905
(13 September 2002) |
(1) Distributional range: |
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104905 (13 September 2002) |
(1) Distributional range: |
|
2.02 |
||
|
2.03 |
USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> |
cultivated only from near sea level to about 200 m |
|
2.04 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104905 (13 September 2002) |
(1) Distributional range: |
|
2.05 |
Shaw, N. H.; Whiteman, P. C. (1977) Siratro - a success story in breeding a tropical pasture legume. Tropical Grasslands, 1977, Vol.11, No.1, pp.7-14, 36 ref. |
AB: This paper is an introduction to a symposium on Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. The circumstances leading to the breeding of Siratro are described, and the more important characters of the cultivar are summarized. A review of current use of Siratro throughout the world indicates that it is already one of the most important pasture legumes in Australia, Brazil, Mexico and some of the Pacific Islands, and that increased use is likely in other tropical countries. . |
|
3.01 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104905 (13 September 2002) |
(1) Distributional range: |
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
(1)http://www.broome.wa.gov.au/pdf/minutes/2002/CPMC-16May02.pdf (2)http://www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/park/managing/Indooroopilly.pdf |
(1)The invasive, dark purple-flowered weed, ‘Black Pea’ or
‘Siratro’ (Macroptilium atropurpureum) is a serious problem in parts of
Minyirr Park and elsewhere in the Shire of Broome. Although the Black Pea is
now pan-tropical, it is native to tropical America (p.158, Broome and
Beyond….). |
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> |
Description: "A trailing or creeping perennial herb, cultivated only from near sea level to about 200 m. The young stems are copiously white-spreading-pilose, rooting at nodes, and the ovate stipules are acuminate and 3-5 mm long. The leaflet blades, ovate to rhomboid, are 2-7 x 1.5-5 cm, obtuse to acute and mucronulate at apex, copiously white-subsericeous beneath, and with 1 or 2 inconspicuous lateral lobes. The few-flowered inflorescences have peduncles 10-25 cm long, and the petals are 1.5-2.5 cm long, dark read to blackish purple. The fruits are about 7-9 cm long and 4.5 mm broad, appressed-pilose, and beaked, with 12-15 oblong-ellipsoid, pitted, brown, black-spotted seeds about 4 mm long.." (Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Vol. 3, p. 247.) |
|
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. |
Plant characteristics: "Palatable Browse Animal: High
|
|
4.05 |
USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. |
Plant characteristics: "Palatable Browse Animal: High |
|
4.06 |
Kretschmer, A. E., Jr.; Sonoda, R. M.; Wilson, T. C. (1991) Characteristics of a high yielding, disease resistant Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb. Proceedings - Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida, 1991, Vol.50, pp.25-27, 12 ref. |
AB: "A field plot containing 177 accessions of M. atropurpureum was established in July 1986 at Fort Pierce. Plants were cut for forage in October 1986 and December 1987 and eventually harvested in May 1988. A second comparison was undertaken in 1988-90 with 75 accessions. In both sets of trials, accession 4655 (PI543311), collected from the wild in southern Mexico in 1985, yielded significantly more forage than the standard cv. Siratro. There were no significant differences between the 2 in terms of flowering pattern, seed production, seed maturity, frost recovery and digestibility. Galling by root knot nematode [Meloidogyne ] was low in Siratro and absent in 4655, although results were not subjected to statistical analysis because of the low number of plants involved and the uneven distribution of nematodes in the plots. Accession 4655, however, exhibited resistance to Isariopsis griseola [Phaeoisariopsis griseola ] and Uromyces appendiculatus var. crassitunicatus, Siratro being susceptible to both. Howeve |
|
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.09 |
Whiteman, P. C.; Bohoquez, M.; Ranacou, E. N. (1974) Shading tolerance in four tropical pasture legume species. Proceedings of the 12th International Grassland Congress. Biological and physiological aspects of the intensification of grassland utilization., 1974, pp.402-407 |
AB: In pot trials with shading to give 100, 70, 50 or 30% of full sunlight and field trials with 100, 70, 48 or 19% of full sunlight, Desmodium intortum was most tolerant of shade and Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro was least tolerant while Centrosema pubescens and Glycine wightii were intermediate. In the 1st harvests of the pot trial, yields of G. wightii were lower with 100% sunlight than with shading. Adaptation to shading in early harvests was expressed through higher leaf areas/plant but these were not significant. In later harvests leaf areas in shaded treatments were lower than in full sunlight. |
|
4.1 |
(1) Michalk, D. L.; Fu, N. P.; Zhu, C. M. (1993) Improvement
of dry tropical rangelands in Hainan Island, China: 1. Evaluation of pasture
legumes. Journal of Range Management, 1993, Vol.46, No.4, pp.331-339, 44
ref. |
(1) AB: The productivity and persistence of 16 pasture
legumes were evaluated on sandy (<5 mg/kg available P) and loam (12-25 mg
P/kg) soils in 1981-83 at Gaopoling Model Cattle Farm (19 deg 09' N., 108
deg 68' W.), Hainan Island. DM yield, sward composition, and legume density
were measured at the end of the wet and dry seasons each year. 13 legumes
established with a density averaged over 3 sequential sowings >1 plant/m2 on
1 or both soils, but only 5 perennial Stylosanthes, Macroptilium
atropurpureum and Centrosema pubescens (loam soil only) persisted through 2
dry seasons and yielded >0.5 t/ha in 3-year-old swards. |
|
4.11 |
USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> |
Description: "A trailing or creeping perennial herb, cultivated only from near sea level to about 200 m. The young stems are copiously white-spreading-pilose, rooting at nodes, and the ovate stipules are acuminate and 3-5 mm long. The leaflet blades, ovate to rhomboid, are 2-7 x 1.5-5 cm, obtuse to acute and mucronulate at apex, copiously white-subsericeous beneath, and with 1 or 2 inconspicuous lateral lobes. The few-flowered inflorescences have peduncles 10-25 cm long, and the petals are 1.5-2.5 cm long, dark read to blackish purple. The fruits are about 7-9 cm long and 4.5 mm broad, appressed-pilose, and beaked, with 12-15 oblong-ellipsoid, pitted, brown, black-spotted seeds about 4 mm long.." (Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Vol. 3, p. 247.) |
|
4.12 |
weak smothering habit is covered by question 4.11 |
|
|
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
|
5.02 |
perenial vine, Fabaceae |
|
|
5.03 |
(1) Lee, K.-K.; Dobereiner, J. (1982) Effect of excessive temperatures on rhizobia growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixing activity in symbiosis with Siratro. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 1982, Vol.17, No.2, pp.181-184, 9 ref. (2) USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> |
(2) AB: The heat tolerance of 17 strains of Rhizobium sp.
was studied on agar plates, in liquid culture medium and in symbiosis with
Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. The plants were exposed for 6 h/day
and during incubation with acetylene to temp. of 28 deg -40 deg C. There
were significant differences between strains in tolerance to high temp; 5
strains grew well at 40 deg . Rhizobium growth on agar plates or in liquid
medium did not correlate with symbiotic performance. One strain which grew
fastest in liquid medium at 40 deg showed an almost linear decrease in
nitrogenase activity with increasing temp. from 28 deg to 40 deg . Another
strain which also showed good growth up to 40 deg in culture medium had
unaffected nitrogenase levels. Temperature sensitive strains showed max.
nitrogenase activity at 32 deg but all strains were able to nodulate and to
fix some N from acetylene at 40 deg |
|
5.04 |
perenial vine |
|
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
Jones, R. M.; Bunch, G. A. (1988) The effect of stocking rate on the population dynamics of siratro in siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum )-setaria (Setaria sphacelata ) pastures in south-east Queensland. II. Seed set, soil seed reserves, seedling recruitment and seedling survival. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1988, Vol.39, No.2, pp.221-234, 33 ref. |
AB: Measurements were made of the seed set, seed content in cattle faeces, soil seed reserves, seedling regeneration and seedling survival of M. atropurpureum in SE Queensland in 1972-85 in M. atropurpureum /S. sphacelata pastures sown in 1968 and stocked at 1.1, 1.7 or 2.3 or at 3.0 (1969-73) reduced to 2.0 (1974-85) heifers/ha. At the highest stocking rate, M. atropurpureum yields were low and seed input ceased after 1972, yet appreciable seedling recruitment from the soil seed bank was maintained for a further 10 years. At the lightest stocking rate seed set and soil seed reserves were highest, but seedling recruitment was of little importance as almost all seedlings died. Seedling recruitment and survival were best at the intermediate stocking rate, where they were the key to long-term persistence of M. atropurpureum. Soil seed reserves of M. atropurpureum ranged from 500/m2 under light stocking to <100/m2 after several years of heavy stocking. Very little seed was recovered in cattle faeces. |
|
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.04 |
Bray, R. A.; Woodroffe, T. D. (1996) Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urban (atro) cv. Aztec. Tropical Grasslands, 1996, Vol.30, No.3, pp.351-352, 6 ref. |
AB: "Aztec was bred by a backcrossing programme to incorporate resistance to rust (Uromyces appendiculatus var. crassitunicatus ) into cv. Siratro. It is a mixture of 4 populations, each derived by backcrossing a rust-resistant accession of M. atropurpureum to Siratro for 4 generations and then selfing for 2 generations to identify lines homozygous for rust resistance. " |
|
6.05 |
no evidence [typical pea flower] |
|
|
6.06 |
no evidence in nature |
|
|
6.07 |
Lynd, J. Q.; Tyrl, R. J.; Purcino, A. A. C. (1985) Mycorrhiza-soil fertility effects on regrowth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1985, Vol.8, No.11, pp.1047-1059, 23 ref. |
AB: "The objective of these studies was to determine effects of Glomus fasciculatum colonization, rigorous defoliation, and soil fertility treatments to a Psammentic Paleustalf (Eufaula) soil on growth, regrowth, nodulation, and nitrogenase activity (C2H2 red.) of Siratro inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum Frank. Top growth increased significantly with soil K and P amendment and with mycorrhiza colonization. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were correlated with highly significant increases from G. fasciculatum, P treatments and K additions to 300 mg K kg-1 soil. Growth and peduncles of nonclipped plants increased about 4 fold from 90 to 225 day age with mature seed yield increasing about 10 fold" |
|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
Shaw, N. H.; Whiteman, P. C. (1977) Siratro - a success story in breeding a tropical pasture legume. Tropical Grasslands, 1977, Vol.11, No.1, pp.7-14, 36 ref. |
AB: This paper is an introduction to a symposium on Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. The circumstances leading to the breeding of Siratro are described, and the more important characters of the cultivar are summarized. A review of current use of Siratro throughout the world indicates that it is already one of the most important pasture legumes in Australia, Brazil, Mexico and some of the Pacific Islands, and that increased use is likely in other tropical countries. . |
|
7.03 |
USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> |
Habitat/ecology: Introduced as a pasture species or a contaminant in grass seed. (Csurhes, S. and R. Edwards. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Queensland Department of Natural Resources. p. 117.) [intentionally planted with grasses to improve grass production, seeds do not look like grass seeds, and they are unlikely to be harvested as grass seeds] |
|
7.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
Jones, R. M.; Bunch, G. A. (1988) A guide to sampling and measuring the seed content of pasture soils and animal faeces. Tropical Agronomy Technical Memorandum, 1988, No.159, 13pp., 25 ref. |
AB: Techniques used to recover seeds from topsoil and faeces are described and particular emphasis is placed on a technique which recovers all seeds of a given species by a combination of washing, sieving, flotation and aspiration. Recommendations on soil sampling depth and sampling intensity of soil and animal faeces are given. When 100 seeds of Macroptilium atropurpureum and Trifolium repens mixed with 3 kg lots of 2 topsoils were recovered by the above technique 100% of seeds of both species were recovered from 1 soil sample and 96-97% from the other sample. However, the recovery technique reduced the viability of soft seed of T. repens but had no effect on hard seed, while in M. atropurpureum there was appreciable breakdown of hard seed but no effect on viability. In similar studies of T. repens and M. atropurpureum seed from animal faeces, 100% of seed was recovered with similar effects on viability to those encountered with recovery from soil. |
|
8.01 |
Kowithayakorn, L.; Humphreys, L. R. (1987) Formation of seed yield in Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. Seed Science and Technology, 1987, Vol.15, No.3, pp.599-611, 19 ref. |
AB: " Seed yield in Thailand was 273 and 354 g/m2 from swards and trellises, resp."; p.608 Table1: mean 100 seeds weight:1.66 g/100seeds [16,446-21,325 seeds/square meter] |
|
8.02 |
Jones, R. M.; Bunch, G. A. (1988) The effect of stocking rate on the population dynamics of siratro in siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum )-setaria (Setaria sphacelata ) pastures in south-east Queensland. II. Seed set, soil seed reserves, seedling recruitment and seedling survival. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1988, Vol.39, No.2, pp.221-234, 33 ref. |
AB: Measurements were made of the seed set, seed content in cattle faeces, soil seed reserves, seedling regeneration and seedling survival of M. atropurpureum in SE Queensland in 1972-85 in M. atropurpureum /S. sphacelata pastures sown in 1968 and stocked at 1.1, 1.7 or 2.3 or at 3.0 (1969-73) reduced to 2.0 (1974-85) heifers/ha. At the highest stocking rate, M. atropurpureum yields were low and seed input ceased after 1972, yet appreciable seedling recruitment from the soil seed bank was maintained for a further 10 years. At the lightest stocking rate seed set and soil seed reserves were highest, but seedling recruitment was of little importance as almost all seedlings died. Seedling recruitment and survival were best at the intermediate stocking rate, where they were the key to long-term persistence of M. atropurpureum. Soil seed reserves of M. atropurpureum ranged from 500/m2 under light stocking to <100/m2 after several years of heavy stocking. Very little seed was recovered in cattle faeces. |
|
8.03 |
(1) Navia, D.; Tergas, L.; Elizalde, L. (1974) An evaluation
of herbicides in the establishment of forage legumes in humid tropical
areas. Asociacion Latinoamericana de Malezas "ALAM" [y] Sociedad Colombiana
de Control de Malezas y Fisiologia Vegetal "COMALFI". Resumenes de los
Trabajos en el II Congreso ALAM y VI Seminario, COMALFI, Cali, 1974., 1974,
pp.90-91 |
(1) AB: In selectivity trials in Ecuador with Centrosema
pubescens, Macroptilium purpureus [= M. atropurpureum?] and Glycine wightii
cvs. Cooper and Tinaroo, alachlor gave best results followed by chloramben
and noruron. In general C. pubescens was least and M. purpureus most
susceptible to herbicides, but the latter recovered better than the other
legumes. In weed control trials alachlor at 1 kg/ha + linuron 1 kg, or +
fluometuron 1 kg or + noruron 1.5 kg/ha, chloramben + noruron at 2 + 2 kg/ha
and noruron alone at 3 kg/ha were applied pre-em.; due to heavy rains the
weed control was short-lived especially in the case of Amaranthus spinosus,
Eleusine indica and Digitaria sanguinalis. Legume cover was affected for the
first 45 days after herbicide treatment but recovered except with the
alachlor + fluometuron treatment. |
|
8.04 |
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4584.html |
not tolerant of constant heavy grazing |
|
8.05 |
no evidence |
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