Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Lysiloma watsonii Rose (syn. Lysiloma microphyllum Benth. var. thornberi (Britt. & Rose) Isely; Lysiloma thornberi Britt. & Rose); desert fern, littleleaf false tamarind, featherbush, lysiloma

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Native to foothills of Arizona's Rincon Mountains (2)NORTHERN AMERICA Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona [s. (Pima Co.)] Northern Mexico: Mexico - Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora

(1)http://www.asu.edu/fm/plantlist/desertfern.htm (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Lysiloma+thornberi

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA: 9-10, outhwestern USA, at 2800 to 4000 feet elevation (800-1200 m) (2)Slopes, canyons, arroyos; thorn-scrub, tropical deciduous forest, oak woodland, and occasionally in grass-land [desert habitats] (3) Too much water may lead to chlorosis

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Lysiloma_thornberi.html (2)http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml (3)http://ag.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0103/special.html

2.04

(1)Origin: Native to foothills of Arizona's Rincon Mountains (2)NORTHERN AMERICA Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona [s. (Pima Co.)] Northern Mexico: Mexico - Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora

(1)http://www.asu.edu/fm/plantlist/desertfern.htm (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Lysiloma+thornberi

2.05

(1)Cultivated in California

(1)http://www.gardens.ucr.edu/events/trees.html

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

(1)Trees 5-13+ m. farther South, forming a well-developed but irregular and crooked trunk and spreading crown. Bark on larger limbs and trunk dark-colored, rough, cracking-off in large pieces. Evergreen or semi-deciduous, unless the leaves are freeze-killed, otherwise the old leaves usually remain until leaf-emergence in Spring, April in Southern Sonora. New foliage bright light green, later turning dark green. Leaves 10-15 cm, pinnae 5-10 pairs, leaflets numerous. Flowers fragrant, cream-white, in rounded subcapitate racemes. Pods 12-24.5 x 1.5-2.7 cm, dark brown, often blackish. Seeds somewhat disc-shaped, rather thick and brown. Flowering April-May. The bright green foliage makes the trees conspicuous among the other-wise dry, brown landscape of the late Spring dry season.
[no description of these traits] (2)NOT thorny

(1)http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml (2)http://ag.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0103/special.html

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Lysiloma spp. Are used as fodder

http://uk.geocities.com/lysilomauk/Intro.html

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence of associated pests or pathogens

4.07

"The seeds ground as flour, were an important food in the mountains of South-Eastern Sonora. The bark is chewed or prepared as a mouth-rinse for diseases of the gums and teeth. The Guarijío use the bark in a mixture to clean wounds (Bursera lancifolia). "

http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml

4.08

(1)drought deciduous tree [grows in dry habitats like kiave; scraggly shrub/small tree, could be a fire hazard at high densities] (2)lysilomas often have multiple trunks

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Lysiloma_thornberi.html (2)http://galley.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam1338.htm

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full sun (2)Light: Part, full or reflected sun

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Lysiloma_thornberi.html (2)http://www.asu.edu/fm/plantlist/desertfern.htm

4.1

accepting of poor soils

http://galley.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam1338.htm

4.11

A tree

http://plants.usda.gov/

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Fabaceae

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

(1) on a list of nitrogen fixing plants

(1) http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/nftlist.htm

5.04

Fabaceae

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seeds commercially sold.

http://www.getnet.net/~richarde/cactusstore/SeedListDesertPlantsIndex.htm#botL

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

White powderpuff Fabaceae flower (mimosa) - Insect syndrome

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.boga.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/html/Lysiloma_thornberi_Foto.html&prev=/search
%3Fq%3DLysiloma%2Bthornberi%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

6.06

No evidence

6.07

(1)grows fast with water (2) Medium growth rate [minimum estimate for a medium growth rate small tree]

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Lysiloma_thornberi.html (2)http://ag.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0103/special.html

7.01

(1) " Pods 12-24.5 x 1.5-2.7 cm" (2) picture of the seed [large pod and smooth seeds]

7.02

Good informal background shrub, patio tree. Used in transitional garden-desert planting. Good informal background shrub, patio tree. Used in transitional garden-desert planting.

http://www.asu.edu/fm/plantlist/desertfern.htm

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1) " Pods 12-24.5 x 1.5-2.7 cm" (2) picture of the seed [large pod and smooth seeds]

(1) http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/acchtml.pl?1527032

7.05

"Slopes, canyons, arroyos; thorn-scrub, tropical deciduous forest, oak woodland, and occasionally in grass-land." [probabaly not, occur naturally in arid habitat]

http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml

7.06

No evidence

7.07

(1) " Pods 12-24.5 x 1.5-2.7 cm" (2) picture of the seed [probabaly not, large pod and smooth seeds]

(1) http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/acchtml.pl?1527032

7.08

No evidence that mature seeds are consumed by animals

8.01

Pods 12-24.5 x 1.5-2.7 cm, dark brown, often blackish. Seeds somewhat disc-shaped, rather thick and brown. [Large propagule]

http://www.sierramadrealliance.org/sierra-ethno-biology/plant-descriptions.shtml

8.02

"Soak seed, nick hard ones, germinates in 2 - 3 weeks." [Legume with hard seed coat need machanical scarification for germination]

http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/SeedlistLO-LZ.htm

8.03

No evidence that the speceis is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know

8.05

Don’t know