Lycium barbarum L. Family - Solanaceae. Common Names(s) - Goji Berry, Matrimony vine . Synonym(s) - Lycium halimifolium P. Mill., Lycium vulgare Dunal.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

0

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

12

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Lycium originates in China and has been part of Chinese medicine for millenia. [long history of cultivation, but not evident if species has been altered to point where it has become less invasive]

(1)Seal. M. 2009. Backyard Medicine: Harvest and Make Your Own Herbal Remedies. Skyhorse Publishing Inc., New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to Europe; occasionally escaped from cultivation in most of North America. (2)Native to Asia and possibly to eastern Europe. Found in most European countries and widely distributed in North America. [temperate climates]

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

2.02

(1)Native to Europe; occasionally escaped from cultivation in most of North America. (2)Native to Asia and possibly to eastern Europe. Found in most European countries and widely distributed in North America. [native range uncertain]

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

2.03

(1)Communities: escaped cultivar, introduced plant which is becoming naturalized Elevation: between 0 and 4921 feet [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5231 [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

2.04

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) (2)Nearly evergreen in warmer zones, deciduous elsewhere. Zones 6-9. Will not set fruit in subtropical climates.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/63945/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)http://www.bayflora.com/gojiberry.html [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

2.05

(1)Native to Europe; occasionally escaped from cultivation in most of North America. (2)Native to Asia and possibly to eastern Europe. Found in most European countries and widely distributed in North America. [native range uncertain]

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

3.01

(1)ABSTRACT: Expansion and invasion of plants indicate successful colonization and competitive abilities of species. There are fewer invasive and expansive woody plants than herbs. Main expansive (native species) trees and shrubs are Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus sp. div., Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus spinosa, Rubus sp. div., Sambucus nigra. Main invasive (alien species) are Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amorpha fruticosa, Cytisus scoparius, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Lycium barbarum, Mahonia aquifolium, Physocarpus opulifolius, Pinus strobus, Populus × canadensis, Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, Rhus typhina, Robinia pseudoacacia, Symphoricarpos albus, Syringa vulgaris. Dominant characteristics of expansive and invasive species are dispersibility of seeds and capacity of vegetative propagation. (2)What may be surprising is that this plant has actually been a naturalized plant in Britain since the 1730s. (3)Cultivated and occasionally naturalized on roadsides or river banks. (4) The USDA claims Lycium barbarum is naturalized in every state except Arizona, Alaska and Hawaii, so be mindful of the possibility of invasiveness.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Seal. M. 2009. Backyard Medicine: Harvest and Make Your Own Herbal Remedies. Skyhorse Publishing Inc., New York. (3)Rhoads, A. F., and W. M. Klein. 1993. The vascular flora of Pennsylvania: annotated checklist and atlas. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. (4)http://www.bayflora.com/gojiberry.html [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

3.02

(1)agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed (2)Chinese boxthorn (Lycium barbarum) is a very similar looking shrub, but it has narrower leaves and purple flowers rather than white with purple spots. It is a garden escape, and less common than African boxthorn. It is not listed as noxious in the region, but should be removed as for African boxthorn. [being controlled, but not considered a significant pest]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lycium_barbarum/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=79 [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

3.03

(1)agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed [no evidence of substantial impacts found in any other references]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lycium_barbarum/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

3.04

(1)agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed [no evidence of substantial impacts found in any other references]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lycium_barbarum/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

3.05

(1)African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) is listed as noxious in category 4 (growth and spread of the plants must be controlled in accordance with a management plan published by the LCA) in all Southern Tablelands and South East Region LCAs except for Bega Valley and Wingecarribee...Chinese boxthorn (Lycium barbarum) is a very similar looking shrub, but it has narrower leaves and purple flowers rather than white with purple spots. It is a garden escape, and less common than African boxthorn. It is not listed as noxious in the region, but should be removed as for African boxthorn.

(1)http://www.southeastweeds.org.au/index.pl?page=79 [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.01

(1)Shrub, usually without spines; stems recurved, gray, glabrous except for the sometimes slender 1 cm long spines, angled to 3 m long; leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acute at the apex, cuneate to the base, entire, gray-green, glabrous, to 6 cm long, the petioles to 1 cm long; flowers axillary in groups of 1-5, to 1.2 cm broad, on slender pedicels to 2 cm long; calyx campanulate, divided about halfway to the base into usually 3 obtuse lobes, green, glabrous; corolla funnelform, dull purple, with usually 5 ovate-oblong lobes shorter than the tube; stamens 5, the filaments pubescent at the base; berry ovoid to ellipsoid, scarlet to orange-red, 1-2 cm long. [apparently does not always produce spines] (2)Danger: Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested Plant has spines or sharp edges; use extreme caution when handling (3)Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8–2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny.

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/63945/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (3)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF17/lycium.pdf [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lycium_barbarum/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.03

(1)Shrub, usually without spines; stems recurved, gray, glabrous except for the sometimes slender 1 cm long spines, angled to 3 m long; leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acute at the apex, cuneate to the base, entire, gray-green, glabrous, to 6 cm long, the petioles to 1 cm long; flowers axillary in groups of 1-5, to 1.2 cm broad, on slender pedicels to 2 cm long; calyx campanulate, divided about halfway to the base into usually 3 obtuse lobes, green, glabrous; corolla funnelform, dull purple, with usually 5 ovate-oblong lobes shorter than the tube; stamens 5, the filaments pubescent at the base; berry ovoid to ellipsoid, scarlet to orange-red, 1-2 cm long. [no evidence]

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

4.04

(1)TABLE 1: USES OF PRINCIPAL PLANT TYPES ON COMMON LANDS (Villages Khedi and Banai) [L. barnarum listed as a fodder plant]

(1)Brara, R. 1992. Are Grazing Lands 'Wastelands'? Some Evidence from Rajasthan. Economic and Political Weekly 27(8): 411-418.

4.05

(1)POISONOUS (LIVESTOCK): Yes (2)It is reported to be poisonous to livestock.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/ilpin/1809.co [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)Ram Nath Chopra. 1958. Indigenous drugs of India. Academic Publishers, Kolkata, India.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Although no records of toxicity have been seen, some caution should be exercised with this species, particularly with regard to its edible leaves, since it belongs to a family that often contains toxins. However, use of the leaves is well documented and fairly widespread in some areas. The unripe fruit might also be suspect though the ripe fruit is wholesome. (2)Edible Uses: The fruit of matrimony vine is edible raw or cooked. It is a berry about 2 cm in diameter, and has a mild sweet liquorice flavor. Only the fully ripe fruits should be eaten, unripe berries could be poisonous. As a food, dried wolfberries are traditionally cooked before consumption. Dried wolfberries are often added to rice congee, as well as used in Chinese tonic soups, in combination with chicken or pork, vegetables, and other herbs such as wild yam and licorice root. The berries are also boiled as an herbal tea, often along with chrysanthemum flowers and/or red jujubes, and packaged teas are also available. Various wines containing wolfberries are also produced, including some that are a blend of grape wine and wolfberries. At least one Chinese company also produces wolfberry beer, and New Belgium Brewery makes an ale with wolfberries used as flavoring. Since the early 21st century, an instant coffee product containing wolfberry extract has been produced in China.
Young wolfberry shoots and leaves are also grown commercially as a leaf vegetable. In the West, dried wolfberries are also eaten hand-to-mouth as a snack, in the manner of raisins or other dried fruit. Their taste has an accent of tomato and is similar to that of dates, dried cranberries or raisins, though drier, more tart, less sweet and with an herbal scent. Dried wolfberries are also used frequently in raw food diets.

(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.08

(1)Fire is an important mode of ecological disturbance (RYKIEL 1985). Clonal character of growth is typical of species of fire-disturbed habitats (COOK 1985, KooP 1987). Burning of above ground biomass stimulates vegetative growth from specialized underground organs (KOMAREK 1983, CRAWLEY 1986). There is a large body of literature on post-fire resprouting from root buds (PELTON 1963 quoted by HARPER 1977, CRAWLEY 1986, KEELEY et ZEDLER 1978 quoted by AULD 1987, BROWN et DEBYLE 1987) or lignotubers (AULD 1987, KooP 1987). This type of revegetation after burning was observed even in normally nonsprouting species (DRISCOLL 1963). In general, low seed production is typical of clonal shrubs and seedling recruitment appears to be a rare event (SILVERTOWN 1982, HUENNEKE 1987). From the point of view of life strategy, Lycium barbarum belongs rather to the "phalanx" type (CLEGG 1978 quoted by HARPER 1981, LOVETT-DOUST 1981, BELL 1984, SILANDER 1985). [fire adapted, but no evidence that promotes fire]

4.09

(1)Requires a sunny position[200]. Some plants at Kew are growing well in light shade[K]. (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (3)Shade Tolerance Poor...The Goji berry prefer full sun but can tolerate some shade.

(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/63945/ [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (3)http://www.ediblelandscaping.com/plants.php?func=view&id=293 [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.10

(1)An easily grown plant, it does not require a rich soil, flowering and fruiting better in a well-drained soil of moderate quality[1, 200]. Succeeds in impoverished soils[200], but more fertile soils are best if the plant is being grown for its edible young shoots[206]. (2)growing on a variety of soils

(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)Seal. M. 2009. Backyard Medicine: Harvest and Make Your Own Herbal Remedies. Skyhorse Publishing Inc., New York.

4.11

(1)Shrub to 3 m (9 ft) tall. Stems arching or sometimes climbing, glabrous, spiny at nodes of older growth. [climbing shrub, able to form thickets. See 4.12]

(1)http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/lyba4.htm [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

4.12

(1)Large monospecific thickets of Lycium barbarum are formed by older leafless branches covered with horizontal and overhanging upper branches which bear leaves.

(1)Pyšek, P. 1991. Sprout Demography and Intraclonal Competition in Lycium barbarum, a Clonal Shrub, during an Early Phase of Revegetation. Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 26(2): 141-169.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

5.02

(1)Solanaceae

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

5.03

(1)Solanaceae

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

5.04

(1)Shrub, usually without spines; stems recurved, gray, glabrous except for the sometimes slender 1 cm long spines, angled to 3 m long; leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acute at the apex, cuneate to the base, entire, gray-green, glabrous, to 6 cm long, the petioles to 1 cm long; flowers axillary in groups of 1-5, to 1.2 cm broad, on slender pedicels to 2 cm long; calyx campanulate, divided about halfway to the base into usually 3 obtuse lobes, green, glabrous; corolla funnelform, dull purple, with usually 5 ovate-oblong lobes shorter than the tube; stamens 5, the filaments pubescent at the base; berry ovoid to ellipsoid, scarlet to orange-red, 1-2 cm long.

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF17/lycium.pdf [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

6.02

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Insect visits, therefore, may lead equally well to cross- and self-fertilization; and in absence of insects self-fertilization is most cases takes place. (2)Self-fertile, so you only need one plant to set fruit. (3)Of the many other species that self-seed or spread vegetatively a few have attracted our attention as regenerating more than one might have expected. These include Acer platanoides, Lycium barbarum agg., and Ribes sanguineum.

(1)Müller, H., D. W. Thompson, and C. Darwin. 1883. Macmillan, London, UK. (2)http://www.bayflora.com/gojiberry.html [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (3)Ison, J. and M. Braithwaite. 2009. The Status of some Alien Trees and Shrubs in Britain. http://www.bsbi.org.uk/TreesShrubsReport.pdf [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

6.05

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

6.06

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)Plants are very tolerant of pruning and can regrow from old wood[202]. Any trimming is best carried out in the spring[188]. Plants produce suckers freely and can become invasive when in a suitable position.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

6.07

(1)Once established, Goji berry grow quickly and may grow 4' or 5' in a year with ideal conditions. (2)Owing to the high growth rate and clonal spreading, Lycium barbarum. is capable of successful occupation of frequently disturbed sites.

(1)http://www.ediblelandscaping.com/plants.php?func=view&id=293 [Accessed 16 Dec 2009] (2)Pyšek, P. 1991. Sprout Demography and Intraclonal Competition in Lycium barbarum, a Clonal Shrub, during an Early Phase of Revegetation. Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 26(2): 141-169.

7.01

(1)Roadside plantations of nonnative species in particular may act as a seed source for plant invasions along road verges. An example of this process is the frequent deposition of seeds of Lycium barbarum, which was significantly affiliated with the outbound lanes and is frequently planted along the sides of motorways. Since it has been shown for rural areas that roadsides can act as invasion foci for the adjacent landscape (Gelbard & Belnap, 2003), it is likely that seminatural habitats in suburban areas can also be invaded starting from roadsides.

(1)von der Lippe, M. and I. Kowarik. 2008. Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban–rural gradients. Diversity and Distributions 14: 18–25.

7.02

(1)The common matrimony vine is occasionally planted as a garden ornamental.

(1)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.03

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. [no evidence of produce contamination] (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla] (3)Its bird-disseminated berries are able to germinate in waste areas to that the plant is occasionally found as an adventive in Illinois.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (3)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.04

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla] (3)Its bird-disseminated berries are able to germinate in waste areas to that the plant is occasionally found as an adventive in Illinois.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (3)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.05

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla] (3)Its bird-disseminated berries are able to germinate in waste areas to that the plant is occasionally found as an adventive in Illinois.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (3)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.06

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla] (3)Its bird-disseminated berries are able to germinate in waste areas to that the plant is occasionally found as an adventive in Illinois.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (3)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.07

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. [no means of external attachment] (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla] (3)Its bird-disseminated berries are able to germinate in waste areas to that the plant is occasionally found as an adventive in Illinois.

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (3)Mohlenbrock. R. H. 1990. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. The Illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press, Carbondale, IL.

7.08

(1)Lycium barbarum (L. halimifolium): insect pollination; fruit – berry; germination ability 50%, seeds germinate quickly; root suckers; secondary stands, resistant to pollution, sunny sites, rich soils. (2)Table 1. Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants and their bird dispersers in the Monpellier region. [includes Lycium barbarum dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla]

(1)Mollerova, J. 2005. Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Science 51: 19-23. (2)Di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche (eds.). 1990. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

8.01

(1)Shrubs to 2.5 m high…Berry ellipsoid, 3-4 mm diam., red; seeds c. 20. [small shrub, seeds unlikely to reach such high densities]

(1)Gwen J. Harden. 1993. Flora of New South Wales, Volume 3. UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1)Cuttings plants at ground level is followed by treating all exposed surfaces with amine, 2,4-D or triclopyr to prevent regrowth. Herbicides applied as foliar sprays include glyphosate, picloram, or a mixture of picloram and triclopyr [herbicides used to control the related L. ferocissimum assumed to be effective on L. barbarum]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

8.04

(1)Plants are very tolerant of pruning and can regrow from old wood[202]. Any trimming is best carried out in the spring[188]. Plants produce suckers freely and can become invasive when in a suitable position.

(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum [Accessed 16 Dec 2009]

8.05

Unknown