Lophospermum erubescens D. Don. Syn Maurandia erubescens Family - Scrophulariaceae. Common Names(s) - Larger roving sailor, Creeping gloxinia, Mexican twist. Synonym(s) - Asarina erubescens (D. Don) Pennell.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Forest margins, roadcuts, and canyon walls in Quercus and Quercus-Liquidambar forests in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico; 1000-2200 m.

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

2.02

(1)Native range well known

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

2.03

(1)200-1,440 m [elevation range >1000 m] (2)Walls, rocky banks, and trailsides, 450 to 1740 m (1500 to 5700 ft). Introduced from Mexico and naturalized locally [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Iremonger, S. 2002. A Guide to Plants in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Kingston, Jamaica.

2.04

(1)In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized in dry forest, alien grassland, and shrubland, 200-1,440 m

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Ocassionaly grown and escaped in Puerto Rico; a native to Mexico, introduced into Bermuda, Jamaica, Hawaii and elsewhere.

(1)Liogier, A.H., B. Alain and L. F, Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Editorial UPR. San Juan, PR.

3.01

(1)In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized in dry forest, alien grassland, and shrubland, 200-1,440 m (2)Walls, rocky banks, and trailsides, 450 to 1740 m (1500 to 5700 ft). Introduced from Mexico and naturalized locally. (3)where it is widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized in dry forest, alien grassland, and shrubland. On Maui, a single population was found by Emil Lynch in H papa Gulch, Kula, Maui. This collection represents a new island record of this species from Maui. Material examined. MAUI: Makawao District, East Maui, Kaono‘ulu, Kula, H papa Gulch, Emil Lynch collector, 3600 ft [1100 m], 4 Apr 1998, Starr & Martz 980404-22. (4)There are many collections representing such material and notations suggesting its apparent naturalization in Colombia, Venezuela, Jamaica, and Hawaii. (5)N.: apparently only wild on Rangitoto Id near Auckland. Thriving on almost soilless lava under trees for many years without increasing markedly; presumably an escape from cultivation.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Iremonger, S. 2002. A Guide to Plants in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Kingston, Jamaica. (3)Starr, F., K. Martz and L.L. Loope. 1999. New plant records from East Maui for 1998. Pp 11-15 in Evenhuis, N.L. & L.G. Eldredge, (eds). Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998—Part 2: Notes. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap.: No. 59: 1-56. (4)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97. (5)Webb, C. J., W.R. Sykes and P.J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch.

3.02

(1)Rampant along road verges of Maalan circuit (Jensen, pers. comm.) and along the Beatrice (Small, pers. comm.) [possibly a disturbance and roadside weed] (2)Open areas, grasslands, shrubland. Prefers rocky, sunny positions...Impact on environment Smothers host species...Control
Site Management: Check stumps for regrowth. Recommended approaches: Cut & stump paint with Vigilant gel. [Listed as a Pest Plant in Auckland, and recommended for control, but need further evidence of ecological impacts to answer Yes to this question. Answer Yes to 3.02]

(1)Werren, G. 2001. ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS OF THE WET TROPICS BIOREGION: RISK ASSESSMENT & PRIORITY RANKING. Rainforest CRC, James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. (2)http://www.arc.govt.nz/plants/plantdetails.cfm?plantcode=Loperu [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lophospermum_erubescens/ [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

3.04

Site Management: Check stumps for regrowth. Recommended approaches: Cut & stump paint with Vigilant gel. [Listed as a Pest Plant in Auckland, and recommended for control, but need further evidence of ecological impacts to answer Yes to this question. Answer Yes to 3.02]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lophospermum_erubescens/ [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)http://www.arc.govt.nz/plants/plantdetails.cfm?plantcode=Loperu [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

3.05

(1)No other Lophospermum spp. Listed as weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamel.htm [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.01

(1)No evidence...Vines from a woody caudex. Leaves broadly deltate to cordate, blades 4.5-15.5 cm long, 4.5-15 cm wide, softly glandular pubescent, margins dentate to broadly cuneate, petioles 3-6.5 cm long. Flowers protogynous, peduncles 2-11.5 cm long; calyx 20-26 mm long, the lobes green and sometimes tinged purple, broadly ovate, connate at base, subequal, sparsely glandular pubescent, not enlarging in fruit; corolla pinkish red to red apically and white below, narrowly funnelform, the tube 48-63 mm long, the lobes subequal, 11-14 mm long, recurved, glandular pubescent externally; staminode vestigial; style 44-50 mm long. Capsules globose, symmetrical, 1.5-2 cm long

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

4.03

(1)No evidence...Vines from a woody caudex. Leaves broadly deltate to cordate, blades 4.5-15.5 cm long, 4.5-15 cm wide, softly glandular pubescent, margins dentate to broadly cuneate, petioles 3-6.5 cm long. Flowers protogynous, peduncles 2-11.5 cm long; calyx 20-26 mm long, the lobes green and sometimes tinged purple, broadly ovate, connate at base, subequal, sparsely glandular pubescent, not enlarging in fruit; corolla pinkish red to red apically and white below, narrowly funnelform, the tube 48-63 mm long, the lobes subequal, 11-14 mm long, recurved, glandular pubescent externally; staminode vestigial; style 44-50 mm long. Capsules globose, symmetrical, 1.5-2 cm long

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

4.08

(1)Forest margins, roadcuts, and canyon walls in Quercus and Quercus-Liquidambar forests in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico; 1000-2200 m. [no evidence that this species promotes fire]

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

4.09

(1)Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. (2)Full sun

(1)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/L/Lophospermum_erubescens/ [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)Kirsten, K. and L, Meyer-Faedda. 2001. Gardening with Keith Kirsten. Struik Publishing. Cape Town, South Africa.

4.10

(1)Soil: Well-drained (2)Soil:Moist, humus rich, well drained soil

(1)https://appserver1.kwantlen.ca/apps/plantid/plantid.nsf/lookup/
14AA68B2499499F8882572F90064FCE7?OpenDocument [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)http://www.edenproject.com/shop/go/plant.aspx?id=7036 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.11

(1)Vines from a woody caudex

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)Vines from a woody caudex [answer Yes to 4.11]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Scrophulariaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Scrophulariaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)Not herbaceous

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.02

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK.

6.03

(1)All the taxa are 2n = 24, and there is little morphological or cytological evidence to suggest natural interspecific hybridization.

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.04

(1)As demonstrated in Table 2, all 17 species that have been cultivated in glass houses exhibit self-compatibility [Table 2 includes Lophospermum erubescens]

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.05

(1)"the sturdy, long-tubed (48-63 mm), open-throated, stereomorphic red corollas of Lophospermum erubescens are adapted to hummingbird pollination. Field studies have confirmed these observations."

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

6.07

(1) Annual, Vine or climber...Growth Rate: Fast [can be grown as an annual or perennial]

(1)https://appserver1.kwantlen.ca/apps/plantid/plantid.nsf/lookup/
14AA68B2499499F8882572F90064FCE7?OpenDocument [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

7.01

(1)Capsule to about 15 mm diameter, contains numerous small winged seeds...Dispersal : People, wind [No evidence, and no means of external attachment]

(1)http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=1058 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

7.02

(1)Lophospermum erubescens, more than any other species in the Maurandyinae, has been widely cultivated in the New and Old Worlds (ornamental).

(1)Elisens, W.J. 1985. Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae). Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 5, Monograph of the Maurandyinae: 1-97.

7.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lophospermum_erubescens/ [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

7.04

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod. (2)Capsule to about 15 mm diameter, contains numerous small winged seeds...Dispersal : People, wind (3)Seed dispersal is usually effected by wind shaking the mature capsules that are open only when dry.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK. (2)http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=1058 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)Kadereit, J.W. 2004. Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae Including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

7.05

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod. (2)Capsule to about 15 mm diameter, contains numerous small winged seeds...Dispersal : People, wind (3)Seed dispersal is usually effected by wind shaking the mature capsules that are open only when dry.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK. (2)http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=1058 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)Kadereit, J.W. 2004. Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae Including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

7.06

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod. (2)Capsule to about 15 mm diameter, contains numerous small winged seeds...Dispersal : People, wind (3)Seed dispersal is usually effected by wind shaking the mature capsules that are open only when dry.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK. (2)http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=1058 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)Kadereit, J.W. 2004. Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae Including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

7.07

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK.

7.08

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod. [no evidence that seeds are consumed by animals]

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK.

8.01

(1)Seedpod is round, inside the calyx. Seeds are small, papery, brown, Many seeds in a pod. (2)Its a useful climber in that its easy to raise from seed (which it produces in copious quantities) (3)many seeds in each pod.

(1)Smith, J. 2007. A Complete Guide to Botany. Global Media. West Sussex, UK. (2)http://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/climbers/lophosperumerubescens.htm [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=1058 [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1)Cut & stump paint with Vigilant gel. [no information on success of herbicide treatments]

(1)http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/plants-and-animals/search-for-plants/index.cfm?63E0F20E-14C2-3D2D-B905-50098EBBE4B9&plantcode=Loperu [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.04

(1)The plant itself climbs to about 10' using its leaf stems to attach, it has a tuberous root system to which it dies back in winter. (2)Check stumps for regrowth. Recommended approaches: Cut & stump paint with Vigilant gel. [will resprout after cutting without herbicide treatment]

(1)http://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/climbers/lophosperumerubescens.htm [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)http://www.arc.govt.nz/plants/plantdetails.cfm?plantcode=Loperu [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.05

(1)In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized in dry forest, alien grassland, and shrubland, 200-1,440 m [successfully reproducing in Hawaiian Islands without any apparent enemies]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.