Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 12
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Lonicera japonica; Japanese honeysuckle, Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
1 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
y |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
3 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
y |
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
12 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
Hardt, R. A. (1986) Japanese honeysuckle: from 'one of the best' to ruthless pest. Arnoldia, USA, 1986, Vol.46, No.2, pp.27-34 |
AB: Lonicera japonica, introduced into the USA in 1806, is now an important component of the flora as far north as Massachusetts, Connecticut, southern New York and Ohio. Long Island and Cape Cod seem to be its northern limits as a pest. Its western range extends to Indiana and southern Illinois. Its noxiousness (smothering native plants), and uses (as a fragrant ornamental and as an anti-erosion plant) are discussed. Methods of control are outlined. |
1.03 |
Schmidt, G. (1987) Ornamental shrubs: climbing loniceras. [FT: Díszcerjék: a kúszó loncok.] Kertészet és Szolészet, 1987, Vol.36, No.5, pp.14-15 |
AB: Brief descriptions are given of the evergreen and semi-evergreen species Lonicera japonica and its varieties chinensis and halliana and cv. Reticulata, and L. henryi ; and of the deciduous species L. periclymenum and its cultivars Belgica and Serotina, L. x tellmanniana, L. x brownii and its cultivars Plantariensis, Fuchsioides and Oporto Scarlet, L. caprifolium and L. x heckrottii. It is recommended that the evergreen species should not be pruned but the deciduous species to be pruned every 2-3 years. All species could be propagated by layers or cuttings. |
2.01 |
http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
Native range: Eastern Asia and Japan |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
(1) In Hawai‘i, occurs in mesic to wet areas from sea level to at least 4,000 ft (Motooka et al., 2002). In Fiji, “cultivated and sparingly naturalized from near sea level to an elevation of about 850 m (2) widely naturalized in temperate regions (3) Hardiness Range 4A to 10A (4)Japanese honeysuckle occurs in a variety of habitat types and plant communities throughout North American. |
2.04 |
http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
In Hawai‘i, occurs in mesic to wet areas from sea level to at least 4,000 ft (Motooka et al., 2002). In Fiji, “cultivated and sparingly naturalized from near sea level to an elevation of about 850 m |
2.05 |
http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
widely cultivated |
3.01 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm
Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm
Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. |
widely naturalized in temperate regions |
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
Cain, M. D. (1992) Japanese honeysuckle in uneven-aged pine stands: problems with natural regeneration. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society., 1992, pp.264-269, 7 ref. |
AB: A 9-year study was made of a 34-acre loblolly (Pinus
taeda ) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata ) pine stand in Arkansas managed by
single-tree selection since the 1930s and heavily infested with Japanese
honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica ). Management practices since the 1970s are
discussed. Hexazinone at 3 lb/acre and imazapyr at 0.5 lb/acre were applied
in spring 1986 and autumn 1989, resp. Cycle cuts were carried out in 1985
and 1990. |
3.04 |
Williams, P. A.; Timmins, S. M. (1999) Biology and ecology of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica ) and its impacts in New Zealand. Science for Conservation, 1999, No.99, 27 pp., 49 ref. |
AB: The world literature on L. japonica , and observations made throughout New Zealand on its history of introduction and spread, biology, ecology, impacts and control are summarized. L. japonica does not fruit regularly in all areas of New Zealand but, once established, colonies can become extensive. L. japonica is present throughout New Zealand, but particularly in the North Island and is spreading in a wide range of scrub, wetlands, in other low-statured communities, and in damaged forests. L. japonica is predicted to be highly detrimental to conservation values. |
3.05 |
(1) Harper, G. J.; Biring, B. S.; Heineman, J. (1997) Mackay
River herbicide trial: conifer response 9 years post-treatment. Research
Report - Ministry of Forests, British Columbia, 1997, No.11, vi + 26 pp., 13
ref. |
(1) AB: In 1986, glyphosate, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, and
manual slashing treatments were applied to a 4-year-old Epilobium
angustifolium /Alnus viridis /Sambucus racemosa /Lonicera involucrata
community in the Cariboo Forest Region, British Columbia, Canada, for the
purpose of releasing spruce (Picea glauca x P. engelmannii ) seedlings. |
4.01 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.306 |
no description of these traits |
4.02 |
Cheng YanSong; Horiuchi, T.; Oba, S. (2002) Effects of dried fine pieces of herb plants on growth of large crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens Henr.). Journal of Weed Science and Technology, 2002, Vol.47, No.3, pp.153-160, 14 ref. |
AB: "Seedling growth was also strongly suppressed by extracts of both Japanese honeysuckle and pericarp of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba )." [lab only] |
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
(1) Sheldon, J. J.; Causey, K. (1974) Deer habitat
management; use of Japanese honeysuckle by white-tailed deer. Journal of
Forestry, 1974, Vol.72, No.5, pp.286-287, 11 ref. |
(1) AB: Data are given on food index (percentage utilization
X (100-percentage availability)/100) for 26 species or genera grazed and
browsed by Odocoileus virginianus in Pinus taeda plantations. Mushrooms had
the highest index value (57.3), followed by Lonicera japonica (46.6), Rubus
spp. (30.9), Smilax spp. (23.9-25.8), Rhus copallina (23.9) and Prunus
serotina (23.9). Grasses were 18th on the list (index value 14.5) and
Trifolium spp. 20th (13.3). L. japonica comprised 49.4% of the diet, Smilax
spp. 5.2%, grasses 5% and acorns 4%; other species had lower
representations. |
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
4.06 |
Kobatake, H.; Osaki, T.; Inouye, T. (1981) Ecology and control of yellow dwarf of tomato caused by tobacco leaf curl virus. Proceedings of the Kansai Plant Protection Society, 1981, No.23, pp.8-14, 8 ref. |
AB: This disease occurred frequently during 1974-80 in
hillside fields of mountainous areas of Nara, Osaka and Wakayama prefectures
and was associated with Lonicera japonica or Eupatorium plants showing
yellow vein symptoms. The vector, Bemisia tabaci, was abundant on various
weeds near the tomato fields, especially the honeysuckle, which is probably
the most important overwintering reservoir of TLCV and the whiteflies. The
peak occurrence of the vectors was in July, just before the rapid increase
in infection of tomato crops with the virus. |
4.07 |
Richard J. Schmidt PhD 1994 - 2003. The Botanical Dermatology Database. [BoDD is an electronic re-incarnation of BOTANICAL DERMATOLOGY by John Mitchell & Arthur Rook, which was originally published in 1979 by Greengrass Ltd, Vancouver. ISBN 0-88978-047-10.] Available at <http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html> |
Dermatitis from this species was reported by Schoenfeld (1936). [not recognized as a problem] |
4.08 |
(1) Stransky, J. J.; Hale, J. N.; Halls, L. K. (1976)
Nutrient content and yield of burned or mowed Japanese honeysuckle.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Conference, Southeastern Association
of Game and Fish Commissioners., 1976, pp.403-406, 5 ref. |
(1) In trials on fine sandy loam soil at Nacogdoches, Texas, an abandoned field was ploughed, disked and planted with rooted cuttings of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) in Feb. 1970. 270 lb ammonium nitrate/ac was applied 1 wk later. In Feb. 1973, plots were either burned with a headfire, cut with a rotary mower to 2 in above the ground or left untreated. Cutting reduced the dense accumulation of vines, but the severed runners resprouted to create a uniformly dense carpet; this treatment produced the highest total forage yields but this apparent advantage was offset by high stem:leaf ratios. Burning reduced the dense growth between the plants and prevented resprouting of runners; total yields were lowest on burned plots but CP contents of leaves were higher than with the [fire can be started by headfire] (3)Flammability Rating: HIGH |
4.09 |
(1)Baars, R.; Kelly, D. (1996) Survival and growth responses of native and introduced vines in New Zealand to light availability. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1996, Vol.34, No.3, pp.389-400, 41 ref. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/lonjap/all.html |
(1)Clematis vitalba, Lonicera japonica , and Passiflora mollissima are three introduced vine species which have become naturalised in New Zealand. Their light requirements and growth rates were compared with those of two common native vine species (Muehlenbeckia australis and Parsonsia heterophylla ) by growing plants under irradiance levels corresponding to 40%, 7%, 3.5%, and 2% of available sunlight (expressed as relative irradiance (% RI)). Weedy vines are characterized by a high degree of shade tolerance and a rapid growth rate in high-light environments. Clematis vitalba and Lonicera japonica have their light compensation points at 1.0% RI and 0.9% RI, respectively, and both species show high maximum growth rates. The native vine Parsonsia heterophylla has the lowest light compensation point (<1% RI), but also possesses the lowest overall growth rates. Passiflora mollissima and the native Muehlenbeckia australis have higher light compensation points (2% and 1.8% RI, respectively) and the growth responses |
4.1 |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant. Any soil, moist or dry, appears to be suited for this rampant vining shrub. |
4.11 |
Hardt, R. A. (1986) Japanese honeysuckle: from 'one of the best' to ruthless pest. Arnoldia, USA, 1986, Vol.46, No.2, pp.27-34 |
" Its noxiousness (smothering native plants)….." |
4.12 |
http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
Can grow up and over small trees and shrubs, smothering them. It can form a scattered layer on the forest floor, rapidly climbing into the canopy if disturbance increases the light level [smothering form rather than thicket] |
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
5.02 |
woody vine, Caprifoliaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
5.04 |
woody vine |
|
6.01 |
Miyake, T.; Yahara, T. (1998) Why does the flower of Lonicera japonica open at dusk? Canadian Journal of Botany, 1998, Vol.76, No.10, pp.1806-1811, 41 ref. |
"Contributions of diurnal pollinators and a nocturnal pollinator to pollen transfer were investigated in Lonicera japonica" |
6.02 |
USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. |
Propagated by Seed: Yes |
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
6.04 |
Larson, K. C.; Fowler, S. P.; Walker, J. C. (2002) Lack of pollinators limits fruit set in the exotic Lonicera japonica . American Midland Naturalist, 2002, Vol.148, No.1, pp.54-60, 21 ref. |
"Lonicera japonica is biotically pollinated and xenogamous, requiring pollen from a genetically distinct individual for fruit set. " |
6.05 |
(1) Larson, K. C.; Fowler, S. P.; Walker, J. C. (2002) Lack
of pollinators limits fruit set in the exotic Lonicera japonica . American
Midland Naturalist, 2002, Vol.148, No.1, pp.54-60, 21 ref. |
(1) AB: " We conducted hand-pollinations to determine if the
fruit set of L. japonica in Arkansas, USA, was pollinator limited. Naturally
pollinated control shoots produced fruit from 17.4% of their flowers, but
the hand-pollinated flowers had a fruit set of 78.7%. Shoots with
pollinators excluded set fruit on only 2.1% of the flowers."; "These results
support our conclusion that sexual reproduction in populations of L.
japonica along the western edge of its naturalized range is limited by a
lack of pollination. " |
6.06 |
Larson, K. C. (2000) Circumnutation behavior of an exotic honeysuckle vine and its native congener: influence on clonal mobility. American Journal of Botany, 2000, Vol.87, No.4, pp.533-538, 26 ref. |
AB: "The specialized circumnutation behaviour of the prostrate shoots of L. japonica results in increased rooting success and maximum dispersion compared to the unspecialized shoots of L. sempervirens ." |
6.07 |
(1)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lonijap.html (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/lonjap/all.html |
(1)Rate of growth from the seedling stage is not known; most researchers and nurseries propagate Lonicera japonica from stem cuttings, particularly the var. halliana, which forms roots "wherever the canes touch moist ground" (Hartmann and Kester 1968). Leatherman (1955) suggested that seedlings likely photosynthesize shortly after germination, due to the low food reserves in each seed. Seedlings are known to establish in shaded understories, which implies that light may not be necessary for seed germination. Seedling growth is apparently slow for the first two years (Little and Somes 1967). (3)In eastern Texas, Japanese honeysuckle bore fruit at age 3 when plants were open-grown and at age 5 when shade-grown. In general, fruit production peaked when plants were 4 to 6 years old and declined considerably thereafter |
7.01 |
http://www.wrc.govt.nz/LM/PDFS/DontDump.pdf |
spread by dumping garden waste |
7.02 |
http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lonijap.html |
"Lonicera japonica is still considered a desirable species by some landscapers, highway designers, and wildlife managers" |
7.03 |
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. |
'Berries bluish black, globose, 6-7 mm in diameter'. No evidence of any means of attachment. |
7.04 |
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. |
Berries bluish black, globose, 6-7 mm in diameter |
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
7.06 |
http://www.hear.org/pier/lojap.htm |
"commonly spread by birds" |
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
7.08 |
bird-dispersed |
|
8.01 |
(1) Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual
of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i
Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. |
(1) Berries bluish black, globose, 6-7 mm in diameter |
8.02 |
(1) Shelton, M. G.; Cain, M. D. (2002) Potential carry-over
of seeds from 11 common shrub and vine competitors of loblolly and shortleaf
pines. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2002, Vol.32, No.3, pp.412-419,
30 ref. 90 |
(1) AB: Many of the competitors of the regeneration of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and Pinus echinata Mill., respectively) develop from seed disseminated on the site after reproduction cutting or from the seed bank. To evaluate the potential carry-over of the seeds from 11 shrub and vine competitors of these two important southern pines, we designed packets so that fruits could be deposited on the forest floor and subsequently extracted over a 3-year period. After extraction, repeated cycles of 60 days of germination testing followed by 60 days of stratification were conducted over a maximum of 42 months to determine the potential for seed carry-over and the germination characteristics of the species. Seeds of privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.) showed no viability after the first winter of field storage, while seeds of rattan vine (Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) had low viability (1-3%) after the third year. In contrast, seeds of smooth suma |
8.03 |
(1) Williams, P. A.; Timmins, S. M.; Mountford, N. (1998)
Control of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica ), climbing dock (Rumex
sagittatus ), and bone-seed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ). Science for
Conservation, 1998, No.100, 15 pp., 3 ref. |
(1) AB: Three weeds of high conservation concern L. japonica , R. sagittatus and C. monilifera , were sprayed with a range of herbicides at sites in New Zealand. L. japonica was treated with glyphosate (1 litre/100 litres water), triclopyr (300 ml/100 litres water), clopyralid (500 ml/100 litre water) and metasulphuron [metsulfuron] (35 g/100 litres water), R. sagittatus was sprayed with metsulfuron (10 g/100 litres water) and C. monilifera was treated with triclopyr (6 ml/100 litres). The three weeds, and their associated native vegetation, were monitored to determine their response after control. L. japonica was initially controlled, but some plants showed signs of recovery from vegetative parts. No L. japonica seedlings emerged and native species recovered by vegetative means. Most R. sagittatus was killed by spraying, as well as a small proportion of the associated native vegetation. Sprayed R. sagittatus plants failed to regenerate, but new plants emerged from seed. The native vegetation showed signs of |
8.04 |
Stransky, J. J.; Hale, J. N.; Halls, L. K. (1976) Nutrient content and yield of burned or mowed Japanese honeysuckle. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners., 1976, pp.403-406, 5 ref. |
AB: In trials on fine sandy loam soil at Nacogdoches, Texas, an abandoned field was ploughed, disked and planted with rooted cuttings of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) in Feb. 1970. 270 lb ammonium nitrate/ac was applied 1 wk later. In Feb. 1973, plots were either burned with a headfire, cut with a rotary mower to 2 in above the ground or left untreated. Cutting reduced the dense accumulation of vines, but the severed runners resprouted to create a uniformly dense carpet; this treatment produced the highest total forage yields but this apparent advantage was offset by high stem:leaf ratios. Burning reduced the dense growth between the plants and prevented resprouting of runners; total yields were lowest on burned plots but CP contents of leaves were higher than with the |
8.05 |
no evidence |
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