Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Swarbrick, J.T., S.M. Timmins and K.M. Bullen (1999) The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. (p.122)

naturalizd in Autralia and New zealand

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

[China] Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Laos; Taiwan; Vietnam

2.02

2.03

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd. (3) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7

(1) [China] Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Laos; Taiwan; Vietnam(2) USDA Hardiness Zone 7B-10A (3) based on cultivar "Variegatum" Hardiness Range 7a-10a

2.04

Swarbrick, J.T., S.M. Timmins and K.M. Bullen (1999) The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. (p.122)

naturalized in Autralia and New zealand

2.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

widely cultivated in Europe and introduced to Australia and New Zealand as hedges and shade trees.

3.01

Swarbrick, J.T., S.M. Timmins and K.M. Bullen (1999) The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. (p.122)

naturalizd in Autralia and New zealand

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p.122)

"they (L. lucidum and L. sinense) are more or less serious environmental weeds."

3.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p.122)

"they (L. lucidum and L. sinense) are more or less serious environmental weeds."

4.01

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p.123)

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p.123)

4.04

(1) Stromayer, K. A. K.; Warren, R. J.; Johnson, A. S.; Hale, P. E.; Rogers, C. L.; Tucker, C. L. (1998). Chinese privet and the feeding ecology of white-tailed deer: the role of an exotic plant. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1998, Vol.62, No.4, pp.1321-1329. (abstract) (2) Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

(1) The results suggest privet is an important component of the autumn and winter diets of CBP deer and may serve as a nutritional buffer during years of acorn scarcity. The value of privet as a deer forage must be weighed against the threat it poses to biodiversity conservation. (2) "Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) ";"feeding fruit and foliage to pigs and fruits to sheep has resulted in no apparent ill effects"

4.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) and people (especially children)

4.06

no evidence

4.07

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) and people (especially children)

4.08

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

high flammability in landscaping but no record of flamability in natural eocsystems

4.09

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 124)

"Both species of privetcan germinate and grow under very low light intensity"

4.1

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

Clay, loam, sand; acidic-alkaline; some salt tolerance

4.11

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 122)

4.12

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 124)

"Ligustrum sinense displaces the native shrub layer in both forest and regenerated native vegetation in the north Island of New Zealand."

5.01

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

5.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 122)

5.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

5.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

"reproduce naturally only by seed"

6.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

hybrids have not been reported

6.04

6.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

"Polination is presumably by medium sized insects such as flies and beetles"

6.06

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

"Ligustrum sinense reproduces by shoots arising from surface roots as well as by seed, although the degree which this happens without prior wounding of the surface roots is unclear. Such wounding could occur naturally to some extent,and subsequent tottong of the interconnecting surface roots would results in separate plants"

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

wdely cultivated in Europe and introduced to Australia and New Zealand as hedges and shade trees.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

7.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

7.06

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

8.01

(1) Westoby, M.; Dalby, J.; Adams-Acton, L. (1983). Fruit production by two species of privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour. and L. lucidum W.T. Ait., in Sydney. Australian Weeds, 1983, Vol.2, No.4, pp.127-129. (abstract) (2) Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p. 125)

(1) "L. sinense produced 1300 fruits/m2 of canop." (2) 85 seeds/100fruits

8.02

Panetta, F. D. (2000). Fates of fruits and seeds of Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Ait. and L. sinense Lour. maintained under natural rainfall or irrigation.Alan Fletcher Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 36, Sherwood, Qld. 4075, Australia.

Seeds of both species were short-lived with <95% not persisting for 12 months.

8.03

(1) Mowatt, J. (1981). Control of large-leaved privet (Ligustrum lucidum) and small-leaved privet (L. sinense) in urban bushland. Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Weeds Conference, 1981., 1981, No.Volume 1, pp.165-168. (abstract) (2) Miller, JH (1998). Primary screening of forestry herbicides for control of Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis, and trumpetcreeper (Campis radicans). Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society. 1998. v. 51 p. 161-162

"Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense were not permanently controlled by cutting, though covering the cut stems with black polyethylene showed some potential in prolonging suppression. Among the chemicals evaluated as injection treatments for the species, triclopyr at the 2 concns. tested (4.8 and 9.6%) was the most effective. Hexazinone (25%) was also consistent but glyphosate (7.2%) was variable."

8.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

"tend to sucker from damaged or cut roots", recovers quickly from heavy pruning in landscaped environments

8.05

no evidence