Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Ligustrum lucidum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ligustrum lucidum (Glossy privet)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

(1) Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida (2)Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1) 2 cultivars "Davison Hardy & Tricolor" known (2) 1 cultivar "Compactum" known

1.02

Montaldo-Norberto-H (1993). Avian dispersal and reproductive success of two species of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in a subtropical forest relict in Argentina.Revista-Chilena-de-Historia-Natural. 1993; 66 (1) 75-85.abstract

Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense are perfectly naturalized in the area.

1.03

Montaldo-Norberto-H (1993). Avian dispersal and reproductive success of two species of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in a subtropical forest relict in Argentina.Revista-Chilena-de-Historia-Natural. 1993; 66 (1) 75-85.abstract

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

native to China

2.02

2.03

(1) Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida. (2) Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones 8a-11(2) USDA Zones 8-10; USDA New Temp Zones 8b-11a

2.04

(1)Swarbrick, J.T., S.M. Timmins and K.M. Bullen (1999) The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. (p.123).(2) Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

(1) Naturalized in subcoastal-eastern Australia from northern Queensland to Victoria; Northern Island of New Zealand (2) native to China, Korea

2.05

Swarbrick, J.T., S.M. Timmins and K.M. Bullen (1999) The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly 14(4): 122-130. (p.122)

Autralia and New zealand

3.01

Montaldo-Norberto-H (1993). Avian dispersal and reproductive success of two species of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in a subtropical forest relict in Argentina.Revista-Chilena-de-Historia-Natural. 1993; 66 (1) 75-85.abstract

Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense are perfectly naturalized in the area.

3.02

3.03

3.04

(1) Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (2) Ishida, H.; Hattori, T.; Yamato, M. (1998). Ecological studies on the urban forest. II. Biological invasion of landscaping trees into the fragmented secondary forests in Flower town, Sanda, Hyogo Prefecture. Humans and Nature, 1998, No.9, pp.27-32,

(1) "they (L. lucidum and L. sinense) are more or lass serious environmental weeds." (3) All the stands were being invaded by the exotic tree Ligustrum lucidum . (3) Ribichich, A. M.; Protomastro, (1998) Woody vegetation structure of xeric forest stands under different edaphic site conditions and disturbance histories in the Biosphere Reserve 'Parque Costero del Sur', Argentina. J. Plant Ecology, 1998, Vol.139, No.2, pp.189-201, abstract

3.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 122)

"they (L. lucidum and L. sinense) are more or lass serious environmental weeds."

4.01

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

4.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

"Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) ";"feeding fruit and foliage to pigs and fruits to sheep has resulted in no apparent ill effects"

4.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) and people (especially children)

4.06

(1)Huang, B. K.; Qiu, J. H.; Jiang, F. (1983). A study of the citrus root mealybug - a new insect on citrus in China. Journal of Fujian Agricultural College (Fujian Nongxueyuan Xuebao), 1983, Vol.12, No.3, pp.183-193, abstract. (2) Sinacori, A.; Mineo, N. (1997). Two new host plants of Prays citri and Contarinia sp. (?) citri. Informatore Fitopatologico, 1997, Vol.47, No.7/8, pp.13-15,abstract

(2) "In Sicily, flowers of Casimiroa edulis were found to be heavily infested with both Prays citri and Contarinia citri . P. citri was also observed on flowers of Ligustrum lucidum ."

4.07

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 127)

Both species of privet have associated with the poisoning of stock (mainly horses) and people (especially children)

4.08

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 128)

"The difficulty in using fire to control L. lucidum is that by the time this species becomes dominant, the tufted perenial grasses such as kangroo grass which normally carry fire through eucalyptus woodlands and forest have been shaded out."

4.09

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 124)

"Both species of privetcan germinate and grow under ery low light intensity"

4.1

(1) Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd. (2) Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1) sand, loam, clay; acidic-alkaline; moderate salt tolerance (2) sandy, clay, loam, rocky, unparticular

4.11

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 122)

4.12

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 124)

"L. lucidum tends to form monospecific stands withplants of different sizes and ages"

5.01

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

5.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 122)

5.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

5.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

"reproduce naturally only by seed"

6.03

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

hybrids have not been reported

6.04

6.05

Mincigrucci, G.; Bricchi, E.; Romano, B.; Frenguelli, G. (1987). Preliminary study on pollination in the Oleaceae.Annali della Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 1987, Vol.41, pp.929-940, abstract

"Data on levels of airborne pollen in Perugia in 1982-87 are reported. Pollen of Fraxinus ornus, olive [Olea ] and Ligustrum spp. (including L. lucidum ) was present from Apr. to Aug., but time of maximum count varied widely between the years. In olive, there was a strong negative correlation between the sum of the temperature mean from 1 Nov. to 31 May and the beginning of the principal period of pollination."

6.06

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 126)

"reproduce naturally only by seed"

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

Chacalo, A.; Aldama, A.; Grabinsky, J. (1994). Street tree inventory in Mexico City. Journal of Arboriculture, 1994, Vol.20, No.4, pp.222-226,

street tree "Nine species represented more than 72% of the trees - in descending order of frequency, Fraxinus uhdei (225), Ligustrum lucidum (165), Cupressus lindleyi [C. lusitanica ] and C. sempervirens (128), Jacaranda mimosifolia (100), Erythrina coralloides (74), Eucalyptus globulus and E. camaldulensis (74) and Ulmus parvifolia (70)."

7.02

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 123)

wdely cultivated in Europe and introduced to Australia and New Zealand as hedges and shade trees.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

7.05

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

7.06

(1) Ekert-Peter-A {a}; Bucher-Daniel-J (1999). Winter use of large-leafed privet Ligustrum lucidum (Family: Oleaceae) by birds in suburban Lismore, New South Wales.Proceedings-of-the-Linnean-Society-of-New-South-Wales. Dec. 28, 1999; (121): 29-38. (2)Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

(1) " A total of 17 species of birds used the privet during this study. Most were frugivores, feeding on the abundant privet fruit, but significantly more insectivory took place at the site with lowest privet abundance. A significant difference was noted in the avifaunal species composition of each site. Privet trees in mixed stands supported a greater range of bird activity and were used by more species than privet trees in near-pure stands. Eradication programs aimed at trees such as privet and camphor laurel will further reduce the resources available to birds and other wildlife unless they are gradual and include replacement with suitable native species." (2) fruits attract birds

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 125)

"Seed dispersal is principally by birds"

8.01

(1) Westoby, M.; Dalby, J.; Adams-Acton, L. (1983). Fruit production by two species of privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour. and L. lucidum W.T. Ait., in Sydney. Australian Weeds, 1983, Vol.2, No.4, pp.127-129. (abstract) (2) Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130. (p. 125)

(1) "L. lucidum produced 400 fruits/m2."; >(2) 110 seeds/100 fruits [The literature reported the seed count of 100 sampled fruits]

8.02

(1) Mowatt, J. (1981). Control of large-leaved privet (Ligustrum lucidum) and small-leaved privet (L. sinense) in urban bushland. Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Weeds Conference, 1981., 1981, No.Volume 1, pp.165-168, abstract. (2) Panetta, F. D. (2000). Fates of fruits and seeds of Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Ait. and L. sinense Lour. maintained under natural rainfall or irrigation.Alan Fletcher Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 36, Sherwood, Qld. 4075, Australia.

(1) Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense were not permanently controlled by cutting, though covering the cut stems with black polyethylene showed some potential in prolonging suppression. Among the chemicals evaluated as injection treatments for the species, triclopyr at the 2 concns. tested (4.8 and 9.6%) was the most effective. Hexazinone (25%) was also consistent but glyphosate (7.2%) was variable. (2) Factors influencing germination and seed survival of Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense were investigated under natural rainfall regimes in the field and under irrigation is a growth tunnel. In the field experiments, no seedlings of either species were observed where seeds and intact fruits had been surface sown, seedlings only originated from shallowly buried seeds and fruits. There was generally higher emergence from seed than fruits. Moderate to high germination occurred from surface-sown seeds and fruits of both species where soil moisture levels were maintained at or above field capacity. Total seedling emerg

8.03

Madden, J. E.; Swarbrick, J. T. (1990). Chemical control of Ligustrum lucidum. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1990, Vol.5, No.4, pp.145-147, abstract

Metsulfuron methyl, triclopyr, glyphosate, hexazinone, 2,4-D amine and 2,4-D acid were applied to L. lucidum of mixed maturity by stem injection, wet stem or cut stump methods, during trials in bushland at Toowoomba, Queensland. After 14 months stem injection of 1.2% a.i. metsulfuron and cut stump applications of 0.06% metsulfuron, 4.8% triclopyr and 3% 2,4-D and all gave >90% plant mortality. Of these treatments, stem injection of 1.2% metsulfuron methyl had the lowest cost and 0.06% metsulfuron methyl was the lowest cost cut stump treatment.

8.04

Swarbrick, J. T.; Timmins, S. M.; Bullen, K. M. (1999). The biology of Australian weeds. 36. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton and Ligustrum sinense Lour. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1999, Vol.14, No.4, pp.122-130, (p. 128-129)

"lacking fire protective features" ; "failed to regenerate from cut rootsonce the main stem had been removed."

8.05

no evidece


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