Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Ligustrum japonicum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

(1) Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida (2) Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd. (3) Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California.

(1), (2) 1 cultivar "Variegatum" known. (3) 2 cultivar "Texanum" and "Rotundifolium" known

1.02

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

Several Ligustrum species have become common invaders of cultivated landscapes, disturbed areas and wildlands throughout the U.S. L. japonicum is found in the Southeast and in Puerto Rico.

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Taiwan; [Japan] Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku; Republic of Korea,

2.02

2.03

(1) Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida. (2) Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California. (3)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

(1) USDA Hardiness zone 8a-11 (2) USDA Zones 7-10; New USDA Temp Zones 7b-11a (3) Taiwan; [Japan] Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku; Republic of Korea

2.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Florida (naturalized) Taiwan; [Japan] Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku; Republic of Korea,

2.05

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

L. japonicum naturalized in: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Puerto Rico.

3.01

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

L. japonicum naturalized in: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Puerto Rico.

3.02

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

Several Ligustrum species have become common invaders of cultivated landscapes, disturbed areas and wildlands throughout the U.S. L. japonicum is found in the Southeast and in Puerto Rico.

3.03

3.04

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

L. japonicum and L. sinense invade woodlands in the eastern and southeastern U.S. (Faulkner et al. 1989; Stone 1997). Faulkner, J.L.; E.E.C. Clebsch. 1989. Use of prescribed burning for managing natural and historic resources in Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park, USA. Environmental Management. 13(5): 603-312. Stone, S.L. 1997. Privet removed from Austin Nature Preserves (Texas). Restoration and Management Notes. 15(1): 93.

3.05

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

Several Ligustrum species have become common invaders of cultivated landscapes, disturbed areas and wildlands throughout the U.S.

4.01

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Ide, Y.; Miyashige, T.; Sato, S.; Shijimaya, K. (2001).Grazing in secondary forest developed on abandoned field in southwestern Japan: 1. Characteristics of cattle tracks formed in secondary forest. Grassland Science, 2001, Vol.47, No.2, pp.134-138, abstract

The height of Ligustrum japonicum , which was the index tree used to determine the influence of defoliation, increased with the distance from cattle tracks, and this indicated that the degree of defoliation of the woody species by cattle changes with distance from cattle tracks.

4.05

Ide, Y.; Miyashige, T.; Sato, S.; Shijimaya, K. (2001).Grazing in secondary forest developed on abandoned field in southwestern Japan: 1. Characteristics of cattle tracks formed in secondary forest. Grassland Science, 2001, Vol.47, No.2, pp.134-138, abstract

The height of Ligustrum japonicum , which was the index tree used to determine the influence of defoliation, increased with the distance from cattle tracks, and this indicated that the degree of defoliation of the woody species by cattle changes with distance from cattle tracks.

4.06

Talavera, M.; Carlos Magunacelaya, J.; Tobar, A. (1999). Plant parasitic nematodes from a forest tree nursery in southern Spain with some notes about the influence of soil storage on the quantitative recovery of Meloidogyne arenaria .Nematology, 1999, Vol.1, No.3, pp.261-266, abstract

Pratylenchus vulnus (a nematode) was found in Acacia sp., Cupressus macrocarpa, Juglans regia, Ligustrum japonicum, Morus sp., Pinus spp., Populus sp., Salix babilonica and Ulmus pumila. Helicotylenchus sp.,

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

relatvely high flammability in landscaped environments (but not know in nature)

4.09

Shin HyunCheol; Park NamChang; Song HoKyung (1999). The vegetation structure and community classification of Quercus acuta in warm-temperate region of Korean Peninsula. FRI (Forestry Research Institute, Seoul, Korea Republic. ) Journal of Forest Science (Seoul), 1999, No.60, pp.11-25, abstract

"Camellia japonica , Q. acuta , Eurya japonica , Carpinus laxiflora , Ligustrum japonicum and Cinnamomum japonicum were important in the middle storey,"

4.1

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

sand, loam, clay; acidic slightly alkaline

4.11

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

4.12

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

Ligustrum spp. can form dense thickets that outcompete native vegetation.

5.01

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

5.02

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Batcher, M.S. (2000) Element Stewardship abstract for Ligustrum spp. Privet. The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ligu_sp.html)

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Ishizaki, A.; Kobayashi, H.; Miyazaki, N. (1976). Microscopic observations of seed coats and experimental germination of seeds of some landscape trees. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 1976, No.16, pp.71-82, abstract

Observations are reported on the seed coat structures of Ligustrum japonicum, L. lucidum, Ilex integra, I. rotunda, I. crenata and Robinia spp. Differences in the rate of germination of these seeds are partly ascribed to differences in seed coat structure which affect permeability.

6.03

6.04

6.05

no evidence

6.06

shrub, no evidence

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

no evidence

7.02

as oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

fruits attract birds

7.05

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

fruits attract birds

7.06

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

fruits attract birds

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

fruits attract birds

8.01

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

fruits cause litter problem on pavement, no information on number of seeds

8.02

8.03

Hield, H. (1986). PGR product comparisons for effectiveness on ivy, oleander and privet. Plant Growth Regulator Bulletin, 1986, Vol.14, No.4, pp.5-7

With L. japonicum, flurprimidol (1.5%) gave a 34% reduction in shoot length and 69% reduction in weight of prunings more than a year after treatment. Even after 2 years, growth was markedly inhibited. Mefluidide checked growth for 54 days when applied at 0.12% and for 111 days at 0.24%. Chlorflurenol (0.12%) and paclobutrazol (0.3%) gave some control, but MH was not effective.

8.04

recovers quickly after heavy pruning in landscaped environments

8.05


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