Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Leea guineensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Leea guineensis G. Don; (synonyms: Leea manillensis Walp. (1843), Leea coccinea Planch. (1854), Leea rubra) Hawaiian holly, West Indian holly

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Leea guineensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to tropical Africa. (2)Native:
AFRICA
Northeast Tropical Africa: Sudan
East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda
West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon; Zaire
West Tropical Africa: Benin; Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo
South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Zambia
Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; Mauritius
ASIA-TEMPERATE
Eastern Asia: Taiwan
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India
Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand
Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes [n.], Irian Jaya, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumatra; Malaysia [Malaya]; Philippines

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?315504

2.02

2.03

"a common component of secondary vegetation in mainland Asia and Africa, from sea-level up to 1500 m altitude."

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

2.04

(1)Leea guineensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to tropical Africa. (2)Native:
AFRICA
Northeast Tropical Africa: Sudan
East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda
West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon; Zaire
West Tropical Africa: Benin; Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo
South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Zambia
Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; Mauritius
ASIA-TEMPERATE
Eastern Asia: Taiwan
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India
Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand
Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes [n.], Irian Jaya, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumatra; Malaysia [Malaya]; Philippines

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?315504

2.05

(1) Introduced to Florida, (2) Hawaii, (3) "widely cultivated for its glossy green or sometimes purplish foliage and large clusters of red and purplish flowers."

(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm
(2) Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544 (as L. manillensis).
(3) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.301

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=Leea+guineensis&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

Don't know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) The following fungi were listed to be associated with Leea guineensis:
Alternaria sp.: FL
Calonectria ilicicola: United States - [generalist]
Colletotrichum sp.: FL - 1
Cylindrocladium sp.: FL - 1
Fusarium sp.: FL - 1
Irenopsis leeae: Uganda - 24281
Pythium splendens: FL - [generalist]
Rhizoctonia solani: FL - [generalist]
(2)Phytophthora Stem and Foliar Blight caused by Phytophthora nicotianae fungus [wide host range]

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/depart/tpss/digest/lfon/lfon1_1.html

4.07

(1)"In Africa, the leaves are externally applied as poultices on muscular pains, arthritis and rheumatism; roasted they are applied to the head for vertigo. The pounded root is externally applied to rheumatism, localised oedema, as well as to abscesses and furuncles, to mature them, and to wounds as a haemostatic and to promote healing." (20red berries have irritating sap.[no indication that it has been a problem]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004. (2)http://www.ornamentalworld.com/Guide2.asp?PLANTID=0013920-0000

4.08

The plant cannot withstand much drought [evergreen shrub or tree of moist habitats]

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

4.09

(1)Leea guineensis need partial shade with intermediate to warm temperatures. (2)This species has done well under interior landscape conditions

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml (2)http://www.nczoo.org/conserv/limbe.html

4.1

(1) p.300 "Fertile, moist but well-drained soils are prefered." (2)SOIL REQUIREMENTS: WIDE

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. (2)http://www.ornamentalworld.com/Guide2.asp?PLANTID=0013920-0000

4.11

shrub

4.12

Leea's are vigorous growers and need quite a lot of space.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

5.01

Evergreen shrub or tree

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

5.02

Leeaceae

5.03

Leeaceae

5.04

Leeaceae

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seed germinate in 14-21 days at 70° F.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

6.03

No evidence

6.04

Flowers are markedly protandrous. Fruits were not formed in the material observed.

TI: THE DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF LEEA-GUINEENSIS II. FLORAL DEVELOPMENT.
AU: GERRATH-J-M {a}; LACROIX-C-R; POSLUSZNY-U
SO: Botanical-Gazette. 1990; 151 (2): 210-220..
PY: 1990

6.05

bee forage plant [typical insect pollinated morphology]

http://mandasofpune5.homestead.com/Beeforage.html

6.06

Leea guineensis is propagated by stem cutting or by seed.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

6.07

(1)Willflower very soon (2)may flower at 1' hgt. [minimum estimate for a precocious small tree / shrub

(1)http://www.datasync.com/sbe/lawn.htm (2)http://www.nextharvest.com/tropical.htm

7.01

no evidence

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

7.02

Leea guineenisis is a very ornamental plant with showy blooms and fruit (seeds) which last for months. This species has done well under interior landscape conditions at the NCZP’s African Pavilion exhibit.

http://www.nczoo.org/conserv/limbe.html

7.03

berry 5—15 mm in diameter, red, 6-seeded; seed 6 mm x 5 mm. [no products]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

7.04

"berry 5—15 mm in diameter, red" [bird dispersal syndrome]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

7.05

No evidence

7.06

"berry 5—15 mm in diameter, red" [bird dispersal syndrome]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

7.07

no means of attachment

7.08

"berry 5—15 mm in diameter, red" [bird dispersal syndrome]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

8.01

berry 5—15 mm in diameter, red, 6-seeded; seed 6 mm x 5 mm. [fruit bunches contain > 100 berries, 6 seeds per berry; borderline]

Uji, T., 2002. Leea guineensis G. Don. [Internet] Record number 1155 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Friday, 07 May 2004.

8.02

Seed germinate in 14-21 days at 70° F. [plant of moist tropical forest; no dormancy]

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

The plant needs very little pruning to look great. If pruning is needed to control size, it can be carried out at any time of the year.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week106.shtml

8.05


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