Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 16
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.; trailing lantana,
trailing shrubverbena |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
1 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
y |
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
16 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
"It has been cultivated as an ornamental scrambler for covering banks. In Australia it is a weed of coastal and sub-coastal Queensland and northern New South Wales. " |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
1.03 |
[Both weedy and ornamental forms exist] |
Day, M. D.; McAndrew, T. D. (2002) Status of Charidotis pygmaea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological control agent of Lantana montevidensis (Verbenaceae) in Australia. Biological Control, 2002, Vol.23, No.1, pp.27-34, 23 ref. |
2.01 |
(1) "native to southern Brazil and Argentina" |
(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide.
Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.300 |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
Hardiness Range 8B to 11. Although plants will be frozen back in 20 to 30-degree F winters (hardiness zone 8b), new growth quickly appears in spring. |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
2.04 |
Naturalized in coastal Queensland, Australia |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
2.05 |
(1) US: Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii,
Louisiana, Puerto Rico, Texas |
(1) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5
(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA
70874-4490 USA. |
3.01 |
(1)" In Australia it is a weed of coastal and sub-coastal Queensland and northern New South Wales. " (2)grows up and through hedges and in disturbed places and roadsides, and is a fairly common urban weedy plant at low elevations [California] |
(1)Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
3.04 |
(1) "In Australia it is a weed of coastal and sub-coastal
Queensland and northern New South Wales. This weed can compete with native
pastures due to its scrambling growth form and drought tolerance. The plant
is suspected to have similar toxic properties to other lantana species." |
(1) Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
3.05 |
"lantana (L. camara) is a weed of cultivated land, fence lies, pastures, rangelands and waste places." |
http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/461.pdf |
4.01 |
"has no thorns" |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
deer resistant plant |
http://users.bestweb.net/~habitat/deer.htm |
4.05 |
(1) "The plant is suspected to have similar toxic properties
to other lantana species." |
(1) Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. Available at: http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/455.pdf |
4.06 |
(1) lantana lacebug (Teleonemia scrupulosa ) (2) About 15 plant species (mostly Lantana and Leucophyllum spp.) are recorded as hosts of the lantana lace bug (Harley and Kassulke 1971). However, damage to plants other than lantana has been slight and transitory with one exception. In East Africa after defoliating lantana, lantana lace bugs moved to sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) causing economic losses to the crop |
Nishikawa, J.; Nakashima, C.; Kobayashi, T. (2001) Brown leaf spot on Lantana spp. caused by Pseudocercospora guianensis . Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2001, Vol.67, No.4, pp.281-284, 9 ref. (2) http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/beneficial/lantana_lace_bug.htm |
4.07 |
(1) "all parts of the plant are poisonous" (2) "Precautions: Fruit is poisonous" (3)toxic exotic (4)Remove fruit to avoid an attraction for children. |
(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2) http://www.bloomingarizona.com/plant_detail.html?recordid=25 (3)http://www.angelfire.com/my/kernxotica/toxic_exotics.html (4)http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ho/ho65/ho65.htm |
4.08 |
(1) "Low flammability"; "Evergreen"; "Rapidly spreading
stems 3- to 4-feet-tall"; " In frost free areas, plants can grow to be
several feet tall and they become a tangle of woody stems beneath the outer
canopy of foliage. Once-a-year pruning in the spring can keep the plant as a
lower ground cover and eliminates the woody growth. " |
(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2) |
4.09 |
(1) Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2) Exposure: full sun, takes heat; gets leggy and bloom is poor in shade (3)Trailing Lantana needs full sun (4)LIGHT REQUIREMENT: Full sun. |
(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2) http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Lantana_montevidensis.html (3)http://www.harmony.ecisd.net/pape/lantana.htm (4)http://sarasota.extension.ufl.edu/Hort/FlaFoliage/Lantana.htm |
4.1 |
(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral,
alkaline, tolerates salt well, drought tolerant |
(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN
1-887215-07-7. |
4.11 |
no evidence |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
4.12 |
"Rapidly spreading stems 3- to 4-feet-tall"; " In frost free areas, plants can grow to be several feet tall and they become a tangle of woody stems beneath the outer canopy of foliage. Once-a-year pruning in the spring can keep the plant as a lower ground cover and eliminates the woody growth. " |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
5.02 |
shrub; Verbenaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
5.04 |
shrub |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
6.01 |
"Lantana montevidensis is an endemic species of the Brazilian cerrado (savannah) that usually flowers abundantly after burning of the vegetation. " |
Haddad, C. R. B.; Valio, I. F. M. (1993) Effect of fire on flowering of Lantana montevidensis Briq. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1993, Vol.141, No.6, pp.704-707, 13 ref. |
6.02 |
Propagation: cuttings; seeds; "seeds can be sown under glass in the early spring" [seeds are used for propagation] |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
6.03 |
(1)"Does not hybridize with Native Lantanas." (2) Many hybrids of these two popular lantanas are available. [Lantana camara and L. montevidensis.] |
(1)http://sarasota.extension.ufl.edu/FHLC/Inv/L.htm (2)http://www.greenmediaonline.com//li/2002/0203/0203pp_w.asp |
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
6.05 |
"The flowers attract many different butterflies and moths. " |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
6.06 |
"Lantana montevidensis is a low mat-forming wiry shrub. It has a brown woody taproot with strong laterals and often roots from the prostrate stems"; "dispersal is also by rooting stem pieces." |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
6.07 |
can be grown as an annual |
http://users.bestweb.net/~habitat/deer.htm |
7.01 |
it grows vigorously from the garden clippings we humans dump over our fences into the neighbouring Bush –“ |
http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/newsletters/Brain24.pdf |
7.02 |
ornamental |
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
7.04 |
"the fruit brown- purple when ripe.The seed is dispersed by fruit-eating birds, and carried by rain runoff and dispersal is also by rooting stem pieces." |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
7.05 |
"The seed is dispersed by fruit-eating birds, and carried by rain runoff and dispersal is also by rooting stem pieces." |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
7.06 |
"the fruit brown- purple when ripe.The seed is dispersed by fruit-eating birds, and carried by rain runoff and dispersal is also by rooting stem pieces." |
Schultz, G. C. (1994) Creeping lantana (Lantana
montevidensis ). Agnote (Darwin), 1994, No.455, 1 pp. |
7.07 |
no known means of attachment |
|
7.08 |
bird-dispersed |
|
8.01 |
(1)"Fruit a fleshy, dark purple, subglobose drupe 3.5-5 mm in diameter, infrequently formed in cultivation." (2)The ovary is two-chambered with one ovule per chamber and the fruit that develops is a fleshy drupe with two spheric nutlet |
(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.300 (2)http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/lantana.html |
8.02 |
the seeds take six to eight weeks to germinate and need relatively high temperatures-- 65° to 75° [probably have dormancy mechanism but no direct documentation] |
http://www.sd1new.net/GardenPages/lantana.htm |
8.03 |
Chemical control is available for this weed. |
http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/461.pdf |
8.04 |
(1) [fire induces flowering] |
(1) Haddad, C. R. B.; Valio, I. F. M. (1993) Effect of fire on flowering of Lantana montevidensis Briq. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1993, Vol.141, No.6, pp.704-707, 13 ref. (2) Hodel, D. R.; Pittenger, D. R. (1994) Responses of eight groundcover species to renovation by mowing. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 1994, Vol.12, No.1, pp.4-7, 8 ref. |
8.05 |
[Many biological control agents have been released to
control L. camara, some of them might also attack L. montevidensis as shown
in (3)-(6); however agents that attack L. montevidensis might be avioded in
Hawaii as shown in (2)] |
(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/lantana_camara.htm |
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