Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Lantana camara; lantana

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

y

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

y

Total score:

21

Source

Notes

1.01

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p. 82 "Lantana derived through horticultural and natural hibridization, selection and somatic mutaton from a number of similar and probaly closely related tropical American species."

1.02

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana is widely grownas an oramental shrub through the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It established as weed through out the tropics and subtropics, from southern USA and the mediterranean in the north to South Africa and the north tip of New Zealand in the south."

1.03

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p. 82 "At least 29 forms have been naturalized in eastern Australia. Smith & Simth (1982) considered that 19 forms weresufficiently common in eastern Australia to be economically important as either weeds or poisonus plants"

2.01

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana is widely grownas an oramental shrub through the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It established as weed through out the tropics and subtropics, from southern USA and the mediterranean in the north to South Africa and the north tip of New Zealand in the south."

2.02

2.03

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.84 "It grows well over a wide range of warm temperate, subtropical and tropical climates"; "lantana growa from withina few yards of the beach to 1000 m." [not typically > 1000m]

2.04

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana is widely grown as an oramental shrub through the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It established as weed through out the tropics and subtropics, from southern USA and the mediterranean in the north to South Africa and the north tip of New Zealand in the south."

2.05

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana was probably first introduced into Europe about 1640 from Brazil."; "Introduction continued through out the 17th, 18th, and 19th centries reulting in an aggregate species of mixed parentage."

3.01

(1)Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana is widely grownas an oramental shrub through the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It established as weed through out the tropics and subtropics, from southern USA and the mediterranean in the north to South Africa and the north tip of New Zealand in the south."

3.02

Chandrasekaran, S., S. M. Sundarapandian, et al. (2001). Exotic plant invasions in disturbed and man-modified forest ecosystems in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Tropical forestry research: challenges in the new millennium. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Peechi, India, 2-4 August, 2000. R. V. Varma, K. V. Bhat, E. M. Muralidharan and J. K. Sharma, Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi, India: 32-39. [left blank since already anwered YES for environmental weed]

"C. odorata and Lantana camara invaded the sites where mechanical disturbance and occasional fires occurred." [no evidence of garden or amenity weed]

3.03

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.86-87"detrimental to pastures and forestry"

3.04

(1)Batianoff, G. N. and A. J. Franks (1998). "Environmental weed invasions on south-east Queensland foredunes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 107: 15-34. (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/lan_cam.htm (3)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu

(1)"The most invasive seashore weeds were Asparagus aethiopicus cv. Sprengeri, Bryophyllum spp., Chrysanthemoides monilifera [C. moniliferum] subsp. rotundata, Gloriosa superba, Lantana camara, Panicum maximum, Schefflera actinophylla, Schinus terebinthifolia [S. terebinthifolius], Senna pendula var. glabrata and Wedelia trilobata." (2)This thorny shrub is a noxious weed. It can form impenetrable thickets which crowd out other plants...The plant has been subjected to biological control which has been quite effective in some areas (Gardner and Davis 1982). Further control agents are being sought...Lantana is found up to 600 m on all islands, principally in dry areas (3)an extremely serious weed of mesic forest, diverse mesic forest, dry shrubland, and other low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, 2-1,070 m

3.05

Day, M. D., B. W. Wilson, et al. (1999). "The life history and host range of Charidotis pygmaea (Col.: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Lantana montevidensis (Verbenaceae)." Biocontrol Science and Technology 9(3): 347- 354.

"The life cycle and host range of Charidotis pygmaea were investigated to assess its suitability for release as a biological control agent for Lantana camara and L. montevidensis."

4.01

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p82 "Young stem in the weedy forms carry sharp recurved prickles along the angle." [circumstances?]

4.02

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.87 "shown to produce chemicals which inhibit the germination and growth of other plants."

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Gaullier, P. (1986). "Contribution of cattle rearing to oil palm grove maintenance in Cameroon." Oleagineux 41(6): 255-262.

AB: "The control of weeds in oil palm groves in Cameroon by grazing cattle is discussed. A survey of the spp. growing under the palm canopy indicated that most were palatable to cattle, 7 spp. were only moderately palatable (Cyperus fertilis, Haumania danckelmaniana, Aframomum spp., Stephania sp., Mimosa pudica and Urera cordifolia), and 3 were avoided (Mikania cordata, Eupatorium odoratum and Lantana camara). "

4.05

Alfonso, H. A., J. M. Figueredo, et al. (1982). "Photodynamic dermatitis caused by Lantana camara in Cuba. A preliminary study." Revista de Salud Animal 4(2): 141-150.

AB: "The occurence of dermatitis in cattle in the NW coastal area of Cuba in relation to herbage ingestion and the effects of feeding L. camara to yearling calves were studied. In both cases necrotic epidermatitis, jaundice, acute toxic hepatitis, neutrophilic leukocytosis, increased transaminase and variations in urea levels were noted. It was concluded that the disease in the NW coastal area was due to L. camara."

4.06

Gerling, D. (1984). "The overwintering mode of Bemisia tabaci and its parasitoids in Israel." Phytoparasitica 12(2): 109-118.

AB: When wild and cultivated plants in the vicinity of Kibbutz Nahshon and a few other locations in Israel were surveyed for the presence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), this important pest of cotton, together with its parasites Eretmocerus mundus Merc. and Encarsia lutea (Masi), was found developing on some 19 plant species throughout the winter. The particularly large populations found on Lantana camara, Abutilon grandifolium and sweet potato declined in late winter and spring, and populations increased from April onwards on potatoes and sunflowers. [relatively broad host range]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.87 "It commonly form monotypic standsseveral meters tall,which greatly increasing the fire harzard under dry conditions."

4.09

Gentle, C. B. and J. A. Duggin (1997). "Lantana camara L. invasions in dry rainforest-open forest ecotones: the role of disturbances associated with fire and cattle grazing." Australian Journal of Ecology 22(3): 298-306.

AB: "Shading plays a greater role as a limiting factor than any other, while surface soil macronutrient levels are also important, particularly when combined with canopy disturbances that increase light availability. "

4.1

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.84 "Lantana grows best on rich organic soils developed under rainforest, although it is also reported to tolerate poor soils and almost pure sands."; "Lantana grows on well drained clay soiland volcanic soils derivedfrom basalt."

4.11

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.85 "Lantana is very plastic in its rsponse to light intensity and support."; "The presence of a low branched tree or other support alows lantana to scrambled upward to a height of 10-15 m, in which case the lower stems lose their branches and assumea flexible liana-like form."

4.12

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 " By 1897 lantana was described as being a huge rambling shrub and a most troblesome weed which has spread to an alarming extent, and form impenetrable thickets"

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Verbenaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

perennial shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.86 "germination fom 29 to 47 % after 85 days."

6.03

(1)Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95. (2)Sanders, R. W. 1987. Identity of Lantana depressa and L. ovatifolia (Verbenaceae) of Florida and the Bahamas. Systematic Botany 121:44-60.

(1)p. 82 "Lantana derived through horticultural and natural hibridization, selection and somatic mutaton from a number of similar and probaly closely related tropical American species." (2) Natural hybrids with L. depressa (rare endemic species in Florida)

6.04

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.85 "both self and cross pollinated"

6.05

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.85 "flowers produce nectar, which attract many species of insect pollinators."

6.06

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.82 "Lantana doesn't sucker from the damage or broken roots, but will regrow vigorously from the base of the stem and moreslowly from rooted horizontal stems in contact with moist soil."

6.07

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.85 "flowers are produced in the field during the second summer, although flowers can be produced six months after germination in the green house."

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.83 "Lantana is widely grown as an oramental shrub through the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Rajendran, P., S. Thirumurthi, et al. (2001). "Seed dispersal by Avian fauna in forest ecosystem." Advances in Horticulture and Forestry 8: 265-273.

AB: "This paper presents a general account of seed dispersal by avian fauna in the forest ecosystem; ornithophilic dispersal of sandal (Canthium dicoccum), Manilkara hexandra, Dendrophthoe falcata, Azadirachta indica, Ficus and Lantana camara"

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.86 "Hannan-Jones observed that 44% of seeds collected from the faeces of handled wild birds germinated"

8.01

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p. 86 "In Philippines Cadigal recorded an average of 24 fruits per inflorescense, 511 inflorescences per plant, and 12264 fruits per plant." [single shrub canopy unlikely to exceed 12.3 square meter]

8.02

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.86 "Breaking the dormany possiblely caused by the woody seed coatandfruit pulp by 180 daysof dry storage increased germination fom 29 to 47 % after 85 days."

8.03

Motooka, P., L. Ching, et al. (1989). "Control of Hawaii brush species with tebuthiuron." Proceedings(1): 203-206.

AB: applications of 2-6 kg/ha tebuthiuron severely injured or killed guavas [Psidium guajava], P. cattleianum [P. cattleyanum], Lantana camara, Solanum sodomeum and Leucaena leucocephala for at least 8-12 months and, where compared, provided better control than 2-4 kg dicamba or 4 kg picloram. However, Ulex europaeus, Myrica faya, Rubus ellipticus, Acacia decurrens var. dealbata and Schinus terebinthifolius exhibited varying degrees of tolerance to tebuthiuron."

8.04

Swarbrick, J. T., B. W. Willson, et al. (1995). "The biology of Australian weeds. 25. Lantana camara L." Plant Protection Quarterly 10(3): 82-95.

p.82 "Lantana doesn't sucker from the damage or broken roots, but will regrow vigorously from the base of the stem and moreslowly from rooted horizontal stems in contact with moist soil."

8.05

Cilliers, C. J. and S. Neser (1991). "Biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa." Agriculture 37(1-3): 57-75.

"A noctuid moth, Hypena strigata, an African species that was mistakenly imported into South Africa, contributes little to biocontrol of L. camara, although it was very successful in Hawaii. "