Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Kigelia africana
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; sausage tree |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
7 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
0 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
(1) During recent ethnobotanical surveys, Kigelia africana (syn.
K. pinnata) was found to be naturalized, though of rare occurrence, in the
forest of Uttar Pradesh, Himalya. |
(1) Sharma, P. K.; Kaul, M. K. (1993) Specific
ethnomedicinal significance of Kigelia africana in India. Fitoterapia, 1993,
Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 467-468, 5 ref. |
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
2.01 |
Native: |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
(1)Native Habitat: Tropics of Africa; Hardiness Range 10B to 11 (2)found primarily in wet savannah woodland spreading into gallery woodland and along rivers in moist forests. In open woodland and in riverine fringes. (3)specimens ranging from 200-1300 m elevation [boarderline] |
(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ |
2.04 |
Native: |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. |
2.05 |
(1) Puerto Rico, (2) Hawaii, (3) India |
(1) USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5
(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA
70874-4490 USA. |
3.01 |
(1) During recent ethnobotanical surveys, Kigelia africana (syn.
K. pinnata) was found to be naturalized, though of rare occurrence, in the
forest of Uttar Pradesh, Himalya. |
(1) Sharma, P. K.; Kaul, M. K. (1993) Specific
ethnomedicinal significance of Kigelia africana in India. Fitoterapia, 1993,
Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 467-468, 5 ref. |
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
4.01 |
no description of these traits |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
"Kigelia leaves are an important livestock fodder, and the fruits are much prized by monkeys and elephants" |
http://www.sanprota.com/products/sausage.htm |
4.05 |
In traditional medicine, K. africana is used to treat dysentery, rheumatism and diarrhoea, and as an abortifacient, tonic and aphrodisiac. Aqueous leaf extract of K. africana (collected from Nigeria) was screened for antidiarrhoeal activity using experimental animal models. The extract (100 or 200 mg/kg) protected rats from castor oil-induced diarrhoea and reduced faecal output. The extract also decreased the propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal contents of mice. The extract did not appreciably affect acetylcholine- or histamine-induced contractions of isolated guineapig ileum, but significantly reduced nicotine-induced contractions. The i.p. LD50 of the extract in mice was estimated as 785.65 plus or minus 24 mg/kg. [no evidence of toxicity] |
Akah, P. A. (1996) Antidiarrheal activity of Kigelia africana in experimental animals. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 1996, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 31-38, 21 ref. |
4.06 |
(1) The biology of Bathycoelia thalassina (H.-S.), an
important pest of cacao in Ghana [cf. RAE/A 62, 4824, etc.] and elsewhere,
were studied in Ghana in the field and in the insectary. A method used to
rear the pentatomid on fruits of Kigelia africana is described. |
(1) Owusu-Manu, E. (1972) Biology and control of Bathycoelia
thalassina (H.S.) (Pentatomidae Hemiptera), a pest of cocoa in Ghana. IV
International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18
January, 1972., 1972, recd. 1976, pp. 539-547, 15 ref. |
4.07 |
(1) Govindachari et al. (1971) demonstrated the presence of
lapachol in the roots of this species. Lapachol is a known elicitor of
contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1977). [no direct evidence of cases] |
(1) http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html |
4.08 |
(1)oliage is large and has a crisp, leathery texture [naturally grows with low hanging branches, don't know about flammablllity] |
http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/0223.htm |
4.09 |
Exposure: Full sun |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
4.1 |
Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates some salt, somewhat drought tolerant |
|
4.11 |
tree |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
4.12 |
"a medium-sized, wide spreading tree, 30 feet high or more" |
Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.771 |
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
5.02 |
medium Deciduous tree to 25 m; Bignoniaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
5.04 |
tree |
|
6.01 |
(1) "The fragrant, nectar-rich blossoms are pollinated by
bats, insects and sunbirds in their native habitat." |
(1) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/sausage.htm (2) http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/sausage_tree.htm |
6.02 |
AB: "The initial seed germination of 87% showed that this was a highly viable seedlot. A maximum generation level of 94% was reached showing that higher viability was possible. " |
Dudley, A.; Wood, C. B.; Pritchard, H. W. (2001) Quantification of dryland tree seed storage behaviour. IV: Kigelia africana. Newsletter - Project on Handling and Storage of Recalcitrant and Intermediate Tropical Forest Tree Seeds, 2001, No. 9, pp. 6-11, 17 ref. |
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
6.04 |
(1) Winston Williams in Florida's Fabulous Trees (1986)
describes it as an “amazing tree [that] produces a sausage shaped fruit
which is woody and inedible.” He goes on to say that “the long sausages are
produced by flowers that have been cross-pollinated and the short sausages
from self-pollinated flowers.”[seeded and seedless?] |
(1) http://www.seabean.com/newsletters/vol07-2.pdf (2) Rana, A.; Chauhan, W. V. A. (1990) Studies on pollen physiology and fertilization in Kigelia pinnata. Plant Cell Incompatibility Newsletter, 1990, No. 22, pp. 37-40, 5 ref. (3)http://www.tropicaldesigns.com/tp-pollinating.htm |
6.05 |
(1) "The fragrant, nectar-rich blossoms are pollinated by
bats, insects and sunbirds in their native habitat." |
(1) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/sausage.htm (2) http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/bignoni.htm (3) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plmay99.htm (4) http://www.seabean.com/newsletters/vol07-2.pdf (5)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ |
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
6.07 |
First flowering from 6 years. |
http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/0223.htm |
7.01 |
large fruit |
|
7.02 |
"cultivated as a curiosity for its strange, large, susage-shaped fruit" |
Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.771 |
7.03 |
large fruit |
|
7.04 |
large fruit, seeds unwinged |
|
7.05 |
(1)found in beach drift but no evidence of seed viability; could be water dispersed if the natural habitats have periodical flooding (2)found along rivers in moist forests [the woody fruits presumably float] |
(1)http://www.seabean.com/newsletters/vol07-2.pdf (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ |
7.06 |
Usually only hippos, rhinos and insects eat the fruit. |
http://au.store.yahoo.com/neemstore/kigaf.html |
7.07 |
"the fruit, while not palatable for humans, is popular with hippos, baboons, and giraffes." [mammals might carry the fruits] |
http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/sausage_tree.htm |
7.08 |
(1)"the fruit, while not palatable for humans, is popular with hippos, baboons, and giraffes." (2)Bushpigs are known to eat the fruit. [mammal dispersal by ingestion] |
(1)http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/sausage_tree.htm (2)http://www.tropicaldesigns.com/tp-pollinating.htm |
8.01 |
(1) "The hard, grey fruit has a thin skin covering a firm,
fibrous fruit pulp containing numerous small, unwinged seeds. " |
(1) http://www.sanprota.com/products/sausage.htm |
8.02 |
(1) AB: A study was conducted on Kigelia africana seeds to
quantify its dry storage capability, thus confirming or denying their
orthodox nature. The initial seed germination of 87% showed that this was a
highly viable seedlot. A maximum generation level of 94% was reached showing
that higher viability was possible. Moreover, there was no evidence of seed
dormancy, with more than 80% germination after 49 days at 25 deg C. Seed
germination was not affected by drying to approx equal to 3% moisture
content. It is suggested that these seeds are not recalcitrant, but orthodox
in their response to drying. |
(1) Dudley, A.; Wood, C. B.; Pritchard, H. W. (2001)
Quantification of dryland tree seed storage behaviour. IV: Kigelia africana.
Newsletter - Project on Handling and Storage of Recalcitrant and
Intermediate Tropical Forest Tree Seeds, 2001, No. 9, pp. 6-11, 17 ref. |
8.03 |
no evidence |
|
8.04 |
"Be sure to clear all turf away from beneath the branches and mulch to the dripline, especially on young trees, to reduce competition with turf and weeds. This will allow roots to become well established and keep plants healthier. " [probabaly not- weak root system] |
Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. |
8.05 |
no evidence |
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This page updated 2 November 2005