Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Kalanchoe tomentosa
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 4 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Kalanchoe tomentosa (panda plant, pussy ears) Family: Crassulaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | ||
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | ||
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | ||
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 1 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | y | 1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 2 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | ||
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | ||
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | ||
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | ||
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | ||
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 4 | ||
| Second screening | Low risk |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | ||
| 1.03 | ||
| 2.01 | (1)"Native: AFRICA Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar (2)Native to Madagascar. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 259. |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1)USDA: 9b-11 (2)USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (3)The two specimens at the Missouri Botanical Gardens electronic herbaria were obtained from 1000 and 1540 m. |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast |
| 2.04 | "Native: AFRICA Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar | http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl |
| 2.05 | Introduced to California, Hawaii and Tennessee. | http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ |
| 3.01 | No evidence of naturalization. | |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | "Kalanchoe tomentosa (panda plant)-- Asterolecanium sp., a pit scale: A moderate infestation involved 300 of 1000 plants at a nursery in Merritt Island (Brevard County; E97-3754; Karen L. Garrett-Kraus; 26 September 1997). " [No other evidence of infestations in this county or elsewhere]. | http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/97-sept-octall.htm |
| 3.05 | (1)Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is listed to be invasive. (2)Kalanchoe pinnata is listed to be invasive. | (1)http://www.invasive.org/browse/genus.cfm?id=Kalanchoe (2)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=5902 |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | Probably not - "Leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana, K tubiflora, K fedtschenkoi, K tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were tested for toxicity to 2-week-old Leghorn chicks. These species were analyzed for percentage of alkaloids, aliphatic nitro compounds, soluble oxalates, and nitrates and were examined qualitatively for cyanogenic glycosides. The solubility of the toxic principle in K daigremontiana was determined. Leaves of K daigremontiana, K tubiflora, and K fedtschenkoi were toxic to chicks at dosage levels of 8 to 12 mg/g of body weight. Toxic signs included depression, muscular incoordination, twitching and spiraling of the neck, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and death. Kalanchoe tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were nontoxic at the highest dosage levels tested. Aliphatic nitro compounds and cyanogenic glycosides were not detected in any species. Alkaloids, nitrates, and soluble oxalates were present only in nontoxic concentrations. The toxic principle in K daigremontiana was soluble in 50%, 80%, and 100% ethanol, slightly soluble in water and acetone, and insoluble in benzene, chloroform, and ether." | Williams MC; Smith MC Am J Vet Res. 1984, Mar; 45(3):543-6. [American journal of veterinary research.] |
| 4.06 | The following fungi was listed to be associated with K. tomentosa: Stemphylium bolickii (Leaf spot.): Florida - 3237 - No evidence that the above is an economic pest. | http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm |
| 4.07 |