Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Jasminum mesnyi Hance (syn. J. primulinum Hemsley); Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine

Answer

1.01

synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2.5

Notes

Source

1.01

Flower doubled in cultivation [doubling is usually associated with sterility]

http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000871

1.02

(1)A rare escape from cultivation in Florida. (2)Not considered naturalized in Florida by Long and Lakela (3)Jasminum mesnyi Hance, Japanese Jasmine, is planted and often persists.[but not naturalized in South East USA] (4)Sometime reproduce and spread by stem layers but it is nowhere more than a minor escape from cultivation.

(1)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University press of Florida. Gainesville (2)Long and Lakela 1971. A flora of tropical Florida. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables. (3)http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/weakley_flora/13.pdf (4)Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV. Botany Division DSIR, Christchurch

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distributional range:
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE
China: China - Guizhou, Sichuan [s.w.], Yunnan

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Jasminum+humile (20 January 2004)

2.02

main range is temperate

2.03

(1) Hardiness Range 6B to 11
(2) Hardiness: USDA Zones 8 - 10. An evergreen in mild climates, primrose jasmine can tolerate light frosts. However, it may die to the ground following a hard freeze, but usually comes back in spring if the winter wasn't too severe. Late spring freezes can kill new shoots and flower buds (3)Tolerates low water (4)Zones 7-9 (5)Ravines, woods; 500-2600 m

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm (3)http://ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/wc/pdf%20files/Low%20Water%20Use%20Plants%20brocure.pdf (4)http://gardening.itgo.com/sections-n/woodies/woodies2.html (5)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000871

2.04

Distributional range:
Native:
China: China - Guizhou, Sichuan [s.w.], Yunnan [temperate to subtropical]

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Jasminum+humile (20 January 2004)

2.05

(1) Italy, (2) Alabam, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas of US

(1) Scaramuzzi, F.; D'Elia, C. (1984) Plantlet induction in meristem cultures of Jasminum primulinum Hem. (J. mesnyi Hance). [FT: Induction de plantules dans des cultures de méristèmes de Jasminum primulinum Hem. (J. mesnyi Hance).] Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, III (Sciences de la Vie), 1984, Vol.298, No.4, pp.107-112, 8 ref.
(2) USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

3.01

(1)A rare escape from cultivation in Florida. (2)Not considered naturalized in Florida by Long and Lakela (3)Jasminum mesnyi Hance, Japanese Jasmine, is planted and often persists.[but not naturalized in South East USA] (4)Sometime reproduce and spread by stem layers but it is nowhere more than a minor escape from cultivation.

(1)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University press of Florida. Gainesville (2)Long and Lakela 1971. A flora of tropical Florida. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables. (3)http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/weakley_flora/13.pdf (4)Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV. Botany Division DSIR, Christchurch

3.02

Aggressive and will become invasive in small garden [refers to deliberately planted specimens, not naturalized]

http://www.csupomona.edu/~fdgibbons/hor232/notes11.html

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

(1)J. azorieum was listed as a common weed in Puerto Rico; J. subtriplinerve was listed as a common weed in Taiwan. Jasminum fluminense (2)J. dichotomum and J. fluminense are FLEPPC Category I.

(1)Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979. (2)www.fleppc.org

4.01

no description of these traits

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

deer resistant plant

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/deerbest.html

4.05

no evidence

4.06

A virus identified as AMV on the basis of serology was isolated from a symptomless Jasminum mesnyi introduction. Its experimental host range and physical properties were similar to those reported for AMV. The best of several comparable purification procedures, in terms of virus yield, involved blending tissue in phosphate buffer and chloroform, and concentrating the virus by ultracentrifugation. A rabbit injected with purified virus produced antisera with a titre of 1:1024. C. 60% of the RNA was recovered when extracted using both sodium dodecylsulphate and phenol. Base ratio of the RNA was A=24.9%; C=25.6%; G=21.6% and U=27.9%. [has a huge host range -- http://www.agrobiologicals.com/products/P334.htm]

Waterworth, H. E. 1975 Purification of arabis mosaic virus isolated from a jasmine plant introduction. Phytopathology, , Vol.65, No.8, pp.927-928

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Low flammability, evergreen

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.09

(1) Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2) Jasminum mesnyi can grow in shade but looks best in a sunny location

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) http://www.magnoliagardensnursery.com/productdescrip/Jasmine_Primrose.html

4.1

(1)Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline, drought tolerant (2)Any soils.

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.csupomona.edu/~fdgibbons/hor232/notes11.html

4.11

Not climbing.

http://www.csupomona.edu/~fdgibbons/hor232/notes11.html

4.12

(1)"Without support, it grows in a fountainlike mound 5-10 ft (1.5-3.1 m) in height and spread. " (2)vergreen shrub to vine. 6 to 10 feet tall by 8 to 12 feet wide.

(1) http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm (2)http://www.csupomona.edu/~fdgibbons/hor232/notes11.html

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

woody vine; Oleaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

vine

6.01

not mention of this in native range

http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000871

6.02

(1)"The fruit of the closely related jasminum mesnyi , however, remain unknown, eventhough the species is frequently cultivated as an oramental. Fletcher (1916) reported that "J. primulinum Hemsl." as the species is usually called in the horticultural trade, had to be introduced to England as whole plants, because the plant collector E. H. Wilson, working for Veitch's nurseries, had searched in vain for seeds. Fletcher claimed that he had obtain a few seeds of J. mensyi from pollination with both its own pollen and that of J. nudiflorum, but gave no details about the fruit. Otherwise, the species has obviously been propagated only vegetatively so far. Green commented on the apparent sterility of cultivated plants, citing different chromosome counts and suggesting that at leat some clones were triploid."; "In the botanical garden of Heidekberg, attempts to achieve fruit-set in jasminum mesnyi by artificial pollination failed for several years, only after these attempts had been abandoned were four young fruits

(1)Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref. (2)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000871

6.03

no evidence

6.04

(1)"...Most Jasmine plants are self-incompatible, the pollen cannot fertilise the ovules. The incompatibility in Jasminum is similar to that in Primula, which is known to many people. The plants come in two morphs or forms. In one in form, the style is longer than the stamens, these are called "pin" or long-styled flowers. " [other speciese in the same genus shows structural incompatibility] (2)All attempted self-pollinations failed

(1)http://www.toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/people/judy_rose.htm (2)Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

6.05

(1) "Plants that utilize hawkmoth pollination are already familiar to you. Anytime you smell the heavy, sweet, nocturnal fragrance of the white, tubular flowers of jasmine (Jasminum, Oleaceae), honeysuckle (Lonicera, Caprifoliaceae), Gardenia (Rubiaceae), Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), or Stephanotis (Asclepiadceae), excellent candidates for hawkmoth visitation are in the neighborhood. Add to that some of the white-flowered woody Apocynaceae, such as Plumeria, oleander (Nerium oleander), star-jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), or Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa), and the standard syndrome of floral features begins to take shape. Other sterling, and stunning, examples are such garden herbs as flowering tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris, Solanaceae) and four o'clocks (Mirabilis jalapa, Nyctaginaceae"
(2) The fragrant trumpet shaped flowers are borne in early spring and sporadically into summer. They are semidouble with 6-10 petals, almost 2 in (5.1 cm) across, and sweetly fragrant. [The stucture and fragrance of

(2) http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm

6.06

" the branches often take root where they touch the ground."

http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm

6.07

Growth rate: fast [minimum for a fast growing woody vine/shrub]

http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/fyn/publications/drought-tolerant-plants/dtpl-vines.htm

7.01

the branches often take root where they touch the ground. [spread by garden waste]

http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm

7.02

an oramental

7.03

p. 849 dry, dehiscent fruit contain 2 seeds [but plants are usually sterile] [no products]

Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

7.04

p. 849 dry, dehiscent fruit contain 2 seeds [but plants are usually sterile]

Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

7.05

p. 849 dry, dehiscent fruit contain 2 seeds [but plants are usually sterile]

Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

7.06

p. 849 dry, dehiscent fruit contain 2 seeds

Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

7.07

no evidence of any attching structure

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

p.849 dry, dehiscent fruit contain 2 seeds, the seeds are enlongate, about 8-10mm long and 3.5-4.5 mm wide.
"The fruit of the closely related jasminum mesnyi , however, remain unknown, eventhough the species is frequently cultivated as an oramental. Fletcher (1916) reported that "J. primulinum Hemsl." as the species is usually called in the horticultural trade, had to be introduced to England as whole plants, because the plant collector E. H. Wilson, working for Veitch's nurseries, had searched in vain for seeds. Fletcher claimed that he had obtain a few seeds of J. mensyi from pollination with both its own pollen and that of J. nudiflorum, but gave no details about the fruit. Otherwise, the species has obviously been propagated only vegetatively so far. Green commented on the apparent sterility of cultivated plants, citing different chromosome counts and suggesting that at leat some clones were triploid."; "In the botanical garden of Heidekberg, attempts to achieve fruit-set in jasminum mesnyi by artificia

Rohwer, J. G. (1997) The fruits of Jasminum mesnyi (Oleaceae), and the distinction between Jasminum and Menodora . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1997, Vol.84, No.4, pp.848-856, 21 ref.

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

(1)" the branches often take root where they touch the ground." [vegetative reproduction is easy, no evidence on sexul reproduction in native habitats] (2)it may die to the ground following a hard freeze, but usually comes back in spring. Remove old, less productive canes to ground level.

(1)http://floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mes.cfm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jasm_mes.cfm

8.05

no evidence