Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Ipomoea horsfalliae


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ipomoea horsfalliae Hook. (Lady Doorly's morning glory, Kuhio vine, prince's vine, cardinal creeper)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)cultivated & naturalized in Jamaica & elsewhere (2)Listed as naturalized in Japan (3)but not a weed in Japan [other references indicate that this species is strictly tropical and it seems it could not survive in Japan. The species name is mis-spelled in the Japanese reference and it seems also possible that the species has been misidentified in the Japanese reference]

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Ipomoea+horsfalliae (08 July 2004) (2)http://www.rib.okayama-u.ac.jp/wild/kika/kika_table.htm (3)http://www.rib.okayama-u.ac.jp/wild/zassou/z_table.htm

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distributional range:
Native:
SOUTHERN AMERICA
Northern South America: Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela
Brazil: Brazil
Other: cultivated & naturalized in Jamaica & elsewhere

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Ipomoea+horsfalliae (08 July 2004)

2.02

2.03

(1)"needs full sun, 15 degree C" [tropical only] (2)Restricted to cultivation in south Florida [not suitable for central Florida] (3)Frequent in thickets and woodlands on limestone or shale, 200-3000feet

(1)http://www.plantsman.com/cgi-bin/shopper.cgi?preadd=action&key=0213 (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG097 (3)Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica, University of the West Indies, Mona

2.04

Distributional range:
Native:
SOUTHERN AMERICA
Northern South America: Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela
Brazil: Brazil
Other: cultivated & naturalized in Jamaica & elsewhere 

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Ipomoea+horsfalliae (08 July 2004)

2.05

"commonly cultivated all around the world, naturally in the tropics or in greenhouses"

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500666.html

3.01

(1)cultivated & naturalized in Jamaica & elsewhere (2)Listed as naturalized in Japan (3)but not a weed in Japan [other references indicate that this species is strictly tropical and it seems it could not survive in Japan. The species name is mis-spelled in the Japanese reference and it seems also possible that the species has been misidentified in the Japanese reference]

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Ipomoea+horsfalliae (08 July 2004) (2)http://www.rib.okayama-u.ac.jp/wild/kika/kika_table.htm (3)http://www.rib.okayama-u.ac.jp/wild/zassou/z_table.htm

3.02

no evidence

3.03

Arizona and Arkansaw list the entire Ipomoea spp. (entire genus) on their noxious weed lists - does not specify Ipomoea horsfalliae , which is restricted to tropical environments; Ipomoea horsfalliae is not a documented pest in either of these states

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/noxious_all.cgi (2)http://agriculture.state.az.us/PSD/quarantine2.htm

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Numerous Ipomoea species are listed as noxious weed in United States

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/noxious_all.cgi

4.01

"a smooth, woody vine"

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500666.html

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

AB: "Laboratory and field studies on the food preferences and alternative food-plants of sweet potato weevils, the apionid Cylas formicarius elegantulus and the curculionid Euscepes postfasciatus, were carried out in Hawaii. The results showed that carrot roots could be an alternative food-plant for the larvae and adults of the first species, and radish roots for the adults only of both species. Wild species of Ipomoea growing round sweet potato fields were attacked by both species, I. horsfalliae and I. obscura being new food-plants for C. f. elegantulus."

Muruvanda, D. A. , Beardsley, J. W. , Mitchell, W. C. (1986) Additional alternate hosts of the sweetpotato weevils Cylas formicarius elegantulus and Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1986, Vol. 26, pp. 93-96, 14 ref.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)"needs full sun" (2)Full sun

(1)http://www.plantsman.com/cgi-bin/shopper.cgi?preadd=action&key=0213 (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG097

4.1

"It prefers a rich, well-drained soil and a position in full sun."

http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/cardinal_creeper

4.11

"vine, widely branching, climbing to 10 m high"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.273

4.12

a climber

5.01

"It prefers a rich, well-drained soil and a position in full sun."

http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/cardinal_creeper

5.02

"a smooth, woody vine"

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500666.html

5.03

Convolvulaceae

5.04

"can form a tuber with age (this becomes a problem if you try to dig the plant out, as it will sucker from the tuber" [a woody vine with storage root]

http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/cardinal_creeper

6.01

no evidence

6.02

"Propagate by cutting, air layering or scarified seeds."

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.274

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

red flowers and wide corolla tube suggest bird pollintion syndrome

6.06

(1) "can form a tuber with age (this becomes a problem if you try to dig the plant out, as it will sucker from the tuber" [ability to sucker from tuber does not demonstrate natural spread by vegetative fragmentation] (2)Success rate for propagation from root cuttings was 13%, the lowest of all plants tested.

(1)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/cardinal_creeper (2) Mathad, M. C. , Nalwadi, U. G. 1989, Rooting ability of some important ornamental climbers.South Indian Horticulture, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 307-308

6.07

Twining stems are slower than other species and take 2 to 3 years to reach 8/10ft [minimum estimate]

http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue21.html

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"commonly cultivated all around the world, naturally in the tropics or in greenhouses"

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500666.html

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

"Fruit a subglobose capsule"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.273

7.07

"Seeds conspicuously hairy, or not conspicuously hairy. " [characteristics of the genus; no means of external attachment]

http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=307&level=g&id=1268

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

(1) "Fruit 2–4 locular; 4–6 seeded (or fewer by abortion). [characteristics of the genus]
(2) "Fruit a subglobose capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation. "; "Corolla of fused petals, salver-form, 4-6 cm long, limb spreading, shallowly five lobed, to 5 cm in diameter, crimson or rarely pink." [probably not, large-sized flowers, low fruiting rate, few seeds within a fruit]

(1) http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=307&level=g&id=1268

(2) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.273

8.02

"Propagate by cutting, air layering or scarified seeds." [need scarification to break dormancy]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.274

8.03

no evidence

8.04

"can form a tuber with age (this becomes a problem if you try to dig the plant out, as it will sucker from the tuber" [ability to sucker from underground parts]

http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/cardinal_creeper

8.05

AB: "Laboratory and field studies on the food preferences and alternative food-plants of sweet potato weevils, the apionid Cylas formicarius elegantulus and the curculionid Euscepes postfasciatus, were carried out in Hawaii. Wild species of Ipomoea growing round sweet potato fields were attacked by both species, I. horsfalliae and I. obscura being new food-plants for C. f. elegantulus."

Muruvanda, D. A. , Beardsley, J. W. , Mitchell, W. C. (1986) Additional alternate hosts of the sweetpotato weevils Cylas formicarius elegantulus and Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1986, Vol. 26, pp. 93-96, 14 ref.


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