Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Inga edulis (Ice cream bean)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

naturalized elsewhere in neotropics

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Inga+edulis

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Natural distribution of I. edulis ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to north-western Argentina, and from the Andean foothills to Atlantic coastal Brazil. The species is widely cultivated within those borders.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

Natural distribution of I. edulis ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to north-western Argentina, and from the Andean foothills to Atlantic coastal Brazil. The species is widely cultivated within those borders.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)Approximate limits north to south: 10°N to 27°S. Altitude range: 0 - 1600 m (2)0-2200 m, tropical wet & dry (Aw), tropical wet (Ar), subtropical humid (Cf), subtropical dry summer (Cs), subtropical dry winter (Cw) (3)It is abundant along margins of large rivers; common in thickets usually below the high-water mark, and in wooded swamps. Also in ravines, upland woods at edge of rivers and adjacent rainforests. It is a tree of moist areas and thrives with plenty of rainfall. It can tolerate short droughts, although in its natural range some rain falls every month. It is most widespread in areas without a dry season (Andean South America, western Brazil) or with a dry season of three to four months. Reported annual rainfall range for growth is 640-4000 mm with the optimum between 1200-2500 mm.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=1260

2.04

Natural distribution of I. edulis ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to north-western Argentina, and from the Andean foothills to Atlantic coastal Brazil. The species is widely cultivated within those borders.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

I. edulis has been widely introduced in Central America as a shade tree for coffee and cacao, now it is planted throughout Central America for many purposes such as fuelwood, weed control and fodder (Pennington, 1997). Trials have also been conducted in Nigeria (Larbi et al., 1998) and Hawaii (Oglesby and Fownes, 1992)

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)naturalized elsewhere in neotropics (2)Galapagos - Naturalized species, which are still relatively uncommon

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Inga+edulis (2)http://www.hear.org/iwraw/1999/papers/tyefinal.pdf

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)Not an environmental weed of Galapogos Islands [see question 3.01] (2)Not an environmental weed of Queensland

(1)http://www.hear.org/iwraw/1999/papers/tyefinal.pdf (2)Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

AB: "I. edulis leachate had inhibiting effects on radicle and shoot of germinating maize seeds." [lab only]

Adeorike, V.; Ogburia, M. N.; Anegbeh, P. (2001) Evaluation of the allelopathic influence of selected multipurpose tree species on maize (Zea mays ) under a simulated field condition. Tropicultura, 2001, Vol.19, No.4, pp.191-193, 16 ref.

4.03

No evidence

4.04

a fodder species

(1) Larbi, A.; Awojide, A. A.; Adekunle, I. O.; Ladipo, D. O.; Akinlade, J. A. (2000) Fodder production responses to pruning height and fodder quality of some trees and shrubs in a forest-savanna transition zone in southwestern Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 2000, Vol.48, No.2, pp.157-168, 26 ref.
(2) http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FODDER.HTM

4.05

a fodder species

(1) Larbi, A.; Awojide, A. A.; Adekunle, I. O.; Ladipo, D. O.; Akinlade, J. A. (2000) Fodder production responses to pruning height and fodder quality of some trees and shrubs in a forest-savanna transition zone in southwestern Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 2000, Vol.48, No.2, pp.157-168, 26 ref.
(2) http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FODDER.HTM

4.06

(1) 'I. edulis has no major problem with damaging agents affecting the wood, bark or the leaves. It association with ants that milk the glands, protect the tree against the attack from Ata spp. (leaf-cutter ants). Minor pests include Lepidoptera larvae that defoliate the tree and fruit fly larvae that can damage the seed testa.'
(2) fungi recorded on Inga edulis
Bitzea ingae: specialist but no evidence of economic importance
Catacauma ingae: specialist but no evidence of economic importance
Chaconia ingae: specialist but no evidence of economic importance
Heterochaete livido-fusca: wood-rotting fungus
Hyphoderma argillaceum: wood-rotting fungus
Hyphoderma sambuci: wood-rotting fungus
Meliola sp.
Mycena citricolor: wood-rotting fungus
Ophiodothella ingae: specialist but no evidence of economic importance
Peniophora cinerea: wood-rotting fungus
Perisporiopsis fusispora: specialist but no evidence of economic importance
Phlebiella tulasnelloidea: wood-rotting fun

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not- 'Abundant along margins of large rivers; common in thickets usually below the high-water mark, and in wooded swamps. Also in ravines, upland woods at edge of rivers and adjacent rainforests. Requires a tropical climate with plenty of moisture.'

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/factsh/inga.htm

4.09

(1)It is a forest gap regenerator: although seedlings often establish themselves in the shade of other trees, it needs light to grow and flower. (2)Light range bright to cloudy skies

(1)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/factsh/inga.htm (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.1

(1)Soil types: acid soils; acrisols; alluvial soils; fluvisols; ferralsols; podzoluvisols; luvisols; ultisols; tropical soils (2)tolerates heavy, medium, light soils, low fertility (3)In their native habitats, the trees thrive on many soil types, even limestone.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=1260

4.11

Probably not- not a vine.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

tree

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

Nitrogen fixer.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

tree

6.01

flowering begins after 18 months and flower production increases after that.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

The growth of seedlings could be improved if seeds are soaked in water

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

The tree is self-incompatible and needs at least two genetically different individuals for fruit set.

http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=1260

6.05

It is pollinated by bees and butterflies

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.06

(1)Propagates by seeds. (2) Propagates naturally by seeds in the forest.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Inga_edulis.html

6.07

flowering begins after 18 months and flower production increases after that.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.01

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

I. edulis is valued as an important agroforestry tree both for wood and non-wood purposes.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

seeds relatively large. 'Fruit, legume of 0.3-1.0 m long ( 2 m reported in Yurimaguas, Peru), 2-5 cm diameter, seeds of 2-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.04

(2) "pods contain edible, sweet, white pulp surrounding the seeds"

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)

7.05

Abundant along margins of large rivers [seeds or pods might float]

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/factsh/inga.htm

7.06

(1) Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals who eat the sweet pulp surrounding the seeds.
(2) "pods contain edible, sweet, white pulp surrounding the seeds"

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)

7.07

Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals who eat the sweet pulp surrounding the seeds. [No evidence whether the seeds are ingested by animals or or if they are carried externally.]

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.08

seeds are soft, green - unlikely to survive ingestion

8.01

(1)seeds relatively large. 'Fruit, legume of 0.3-1.0 m long ( 2 m reported in Yurimaguas, Peru), 2-5 cm diameter, seeds of 2-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide.' (2)The seeds are fleshy, green and 3 cm long. They are recalcitrant and sometimes begin to germinate in the pod, often within a few days of reaching the ground where they need humidity to survive.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.ecoport.org/EP.exe$EntPage?ID=1260

8.02

'Seeds are recalcitrant and do not tolerate long periods of storage, they are viviparous and should be sowed promptly after harvesting the fruit. If the seed is washed, dried, and immersed in fungicide and then stored in sawdust will remain viable for three weeks.' '... its short seed viability mean the seed must be collected near the planting sight.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

It has the ability to coppice, although better results are obtained if a few leading branches are left. ...regenerate rapidly; suited for coppicing; suited for pollarding

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know.