Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate further, score: 3
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Ilex cassine (Common Names: Dahoon holly) Family: Aquifoliaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | ||
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | ||
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 1 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | n | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | 0 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 1 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | n | -1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | ||
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 4 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | ||
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | y | 1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | y | 1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 3 | ||
| Second screening | Evauate further |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | ||
| 1.03 | ||
| 2.01 | (1)"Ilex cassine is native to the eastern United States from Virginia to Florida to Louisiana. " (2)"South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas." (3)"Native to the Atlantic coastal plain of the southeastern and eastern U.S. and reported from Cuba and teh Bahama Islands, dahoon typically grows in low swamy ground ... " | (1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ilx_cas.cfm (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ilex+cassine (3)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 130. |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 | (1)"Hardiness: USDA Zones 5-10." (2)"USDA hardiness zones: 7 through 11" | (1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ilx_cas.cfm (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:j-eZ52MPHwgJ:hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILECASA.pdf+%22Ilex+cassine%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2 |
| 2.04 | (1)"Ilex cassine is native to the eastern United States from Virginia to Florida to Louisiana. " (2)"South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas." | (1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ilx_cas.cfm (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ilex+cassine |
| 2.05 | (1)Introduced to Puerto Rico. (2)Introduced to Hawaii [Other than Hawaii no evidence of further introductions - Puerto Rico is included as part of its natural range by some authors e.g. in Little, E. L. and Wadsworth, F. H. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Island. Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S.Governmet Printing Office. Washington D.C. Page 442]. |
(1)http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=ILCA
(2)http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity hawaiianflora/result.cfm?genus=Ilex&species=cassine&rank1=&epithet1= |
| 3.01 | According to ref(1) - Ilex cassine is naturalized in Hawaii but according to (2)"Ilex cassine L. has been planted along the highway from Hilo to Volcano on Hawaii and in Honolulu, Oahu, but it does not appear to have become naturalized." [Ref (1) is more recent information compared to (2)]. |
(1)http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/ hawaiianflora/result.cfm?genus=Ilex&species=cassine&rank1=&epithet1= (2)Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Page 222. |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | Ilex aquifolium is reported to be invasive by the California Pest Plant council. | http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ILAQ80 |
| 4.01 | No thorns | http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:j-eZ52MPHwgJ:hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILECASA.pdf+%22Ilex+cassine%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2 |
| 4.02 | Not allelopathic | http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=ILCA |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Low palatability to grazing and browsing animals. | http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=ILCA |
| 4.05 |