Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Champagne palm, bottle palm) (Synonym: Mascarena lagenicaulis )

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

8

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Round Island and Mauritius Island (Mascarene Islands) (2)Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a critically endangered palm of Mauritius.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html (2)In vitro germination and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in 'Bottle Palm' [Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. Bailey) H.E. Moore], a critically endangered Mauritian palm.
AU: Sarasan, V; Ramsay, MM; Roberts, AV
SO: Plant cell reports. June 2002. v. 20 (12) p. 1107-1111

2.02

(1)Introduced to Cuba - '… We investigated the plants in Cuba in order to determine their identity. After analyzing key morphological features and DNA sequences from the phosphoribulokinase (PRK) gene, we concluded that the unidentified Hyophorbe palms at Cienfuegos are individuals of H. lagenicaulis rather than H. amaricaulis....' (2) 'The bottle palm Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a familiar plant grown in gardens throughout the tropics.' (3) Introduced to Mayotte, Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean. (4) Introduced to Kauai, Hawaii, NYBG.

(1)TI: Identity of the Hyophorbe palms at the botanical garden of cienfuegos, Cuba.
AU: Lewis-Carl-E {a}; Barboza-Nora-Martinez
SO: Palms-. [print] 2000; 44 (2): 93-97. (2) Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606. (3)Ludwig, N. 1999. Notes of the Palms of Mayotte, Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean. Palms. 43(3): 149 - 151.

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range: 11 to 11 (2)can tolerate coastal exposure (3)Bottle palm needs good moisture to look its best

(1)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=37053 (2)http://www.palmsandgardens.biz/palms/product_info.php?cPath=54&products_id=537 (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/hyop_lag.cfm

2.04

(1)Origin: Round Island and Mauritius Island (Mascarene Islands) (2)Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a critically endangered palm of Mauritius.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html (2)In vitro germination and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in 'Bottle Palm' [Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. Bailey) H.E. Moore], a critically endangered Mauritian palm.
AU: Sarasan, V; Ramsay, MM; Roberts, AV
SO: Plant cell reports. June 2002. v. 20 (12) p. 1107-1111

2.05

(1)Introduced to Cuba - '… We investigated the plants in Cuba in order to determine their identity. After analyzing key morphological features and DNA sequences from the phosphoribulokinase (PRK) gene, we concluded that the unidentified Hyophorbe palms at Cienfuegos are individuals of H. lagenicaulis rather than H. amaricaulis....' (2) 'The bottle palm Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a familiar plant grown in gardens throughout the tropics.' (3) Introduced to Mayotte, Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean. (4) Introduced to Kauai, Hawaii, NYBG.

(1)TI: Identity of the Hyophorbe palms at the botanical garden of cienfuegos, Cuba.
AU: Lewis-Carl-E {a}; Barboza-Nora-Martinez
SO: Palms-. [print] 2000; 44 (2): 93-97. (2) Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606. (3)Ludwig, N. 1999. Notes of the Palms of Mayotte, Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean. Palms. 43(3): 149 - 151.

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Many palm species have been forced to the brink of extinction by the collection of …leaves for animal fodder [discusses Hyophorbe in the following sentence but does not specifically indicate that it was used for fodder] (2)Fruit used as hog fodder in Mauritius. (3)as a result of introduced goats and rabbits the population declined dramatically

(1)http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm (2)http://www.sabot.org/garden/conservatory/palm.htm (3)http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/conservation/cpdu/hypbib.html

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence

4.07

No evidence

4.08

an evergreen palm [self cleaning, single trunk]

http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=37053

4.09

(1)Light Range: Part Shade to Part Shade (2)Sun Requirements: Light shade

(1)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=37053 (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html

4.1

(1) Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Loam (2) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline (3)Sandy, good draining soil (4)Bottle palm can adapt to many soil types as long as they are well drained

(1) http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=37053 (2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/hyophorbe-lagenicaulis.htm (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/hyop_lag.cfm

4.11

not a vine - a palm.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Palm belonging to Arecaceae.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

Arecaceae

5.04

Arecaceae

6.01

Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a critically endangered palm of Mauritius. [population decline due to introduced goats and rabbits, not native herbivores]

In vitro germination and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in 'Bottle Palm' [Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. Bailey) H.E. Moore], a critically endangered Mauritian palm.
AU: Sarasan, V; Ramsay, MM; Roberts, AV
SO: Plant cell reports. June 2002. v. 20 (12) p. 1107-1111

6.02

(1)Germination: 4 weeks to 6 months, must be fresh. (2)Hyophorbe lagenicaulis is a critically endangered palm of Mauritius. Zygotic embryos were isolated from seeds and germinated in vitro on MS salts and vitamins containing activated charcoal. When seedlings were pre-treated in vitro for 2 weeks in liquid medium containing 0.05 mg l-1 paclobutrazol, 80% survived the transfer to soil. (3)AB: Germination of two seed lots of the bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis) was investigated before and after drying. Seed desiccation tolerance was observed in this endangered species, suggesting possibilities for ex situ conservation, which would complement current in situ programs. (4)Germination can take 2-3 months and seedlings should be ready for planting within about 2 years.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html (2)In vitro germination and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in 'Bottle Palm' [Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. Bailey) H.E. Moore], a critically endangered Mauritian palm.AU:Sarasa V; Ramsay, MM; Roberts, AV SO:Plant cell reports. June 2002. v. 20 (12) p. 1107-1111 (3)TI: Germination characteristics of fresh and dried Hyophorbe lagenicaulis seeds. AU: Wood-C-B {a}; Pritchard-H-W {a}
SO: Palms-. [print] March 2003 2003; 47 (1): 45-50. (4)ET: Hyophorbe lagenicaulis .
AU: Dransfield, J.
SO: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.4, pp.186-190, 5 ref.

6.03

H. lagenicaulis and H. verschaffeltii at Honolulu Botanic Garden. The garden hybrid is also included [don't know if natural hybrids form]

http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/conservation/cpdu/hypbib.html

6.04

(1)Single plants are capable of producing fertile seed. (2) 'The male flowers open and fall before th female opens, so ther is usually no chance of pollination involving male and female flowers within the same inflorescence.'

(1)http://www.palmsandgardens.biz/palms/product_info.php?cPath=54&products_id=537 (2)Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606.

6.05

'The flower buds are small, circular and turn green upon exposure to light, but become yellow when ready to open. Only one or two flower buds in a cluster become pollinated and develop into fruits or nuts. The majority of the flowers open on bright sunny days. After two days they fall off. Anthesis is at a maximum from 6:00-7:00 am. Insects are needed to pollinate the stigma. During the dry season, there is a higher fruit yield because there are more insect pollinators. When mature, the ovate fruits are about 2.5-3.0 cm long and 2.0-2.5 cm in diameter with a rough surface. '

http://www.agnet.org/library/article/rh2001004e.html#0

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

With perfect flowers, the first flowering occurs from the 8th to the 10th year of growth.

7.01

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment

7.02

'...H. lagenicaulis is much prized in cultivation for its curious bottle-shaped trunk. … It is easily cultivated in the tropics and warmer subtropics, but is sensitive to even very brief periods of temperature below about 4 deg C.'

ET: Hyophorbe lagenicaulis .
AU: Dransfield, J.
SO: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.4, pp.186-190, 5 ref.

7.03

(1)http://www.agnet.org/library/article/rh2001004e.html#0 (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html (3)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://
www.arbolesornamentales.com/Hyophorbelagenicaulis.htm&prev=/
search%3Fq%3DMascarena%2Blagenicaulis%26start%3D10%26hl%3
Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN (4)Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606.

7.04

no evidence of seeds having adaptations for wind dispersal.

Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606.

7.05

Probably not.

7.06

Possible - 20 X 25 mm, one seeded and ellipsoid, green becoming orange or black at maturity. [bird syndrome]

7.07

not evidence of the fruits or seeds having any means of attachment [possibly carried by rats and stored in cache?]

Dransfield, J. 1985. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 23: 597-606.

7.08

'Etimología : Hyophorbe , of Greek hys = pig and phorbe = food, in reference to that their fruits served as food the pigs. Lagenicaulis , of Greek the lagenos = bottle and kaulos = trunk or stem, alluding to the form characteristic of the trunk. 'Etimología : Hyophorbe , of Greek hys = pig and phorbe = food, in reference to that their fruits served as food the pigs. Lagenicaulis , of Greek the lagenos = bottle and kaulos = trunk or stem, alluding to the form characteristic of the trunk.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://
www.arbolesornamentales.com/Hyophorbelagenicaulis.htm&
prev=/search%3Fq%3DMascarena%2Blagenicaulis%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

8.01

(1) 'The flower buds are small, circular and turn green upon exposure to light, but become yellow when ready to open. Only one or two flower buds in a cluster become pollinated and develop into fruits or nuts. The majority of the flowers open on bright sunny days. After two days they fall off. Anthesis is at a maximum from 6:00-7:00 am. Insects are needed to pollinate the stigma. During the dry season, there is a higher fruit yield because there are more insect pollinators. When mature, the ovate fruits are about 2.5-3.0 cm long and 2.0-2.5 cm in diameter with a rough surface. ' (2)Fruit: black. 1.5 inches long (4 cm). Oval. Seed: Oval, somewhat rough. (3)Fruits of 10-12 mm of diameter, blackish. [large seeds, but the mature in huge bunches, based on picture at http://www.palmsandgardens.biz/palms/product_info.php?cPath=54&products_id=537]]

(1)http://www.agnet.org/library/article/rh2001004e.html#0 (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html (3)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/Hyophorbelagenicaulis.htm&
prev=/search%3Fq%3DMascarena%2Blagenicaulis%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

8.02

(1) AB: "3-4 months required for mature nuts to germinate in sand." (2) AB: " Germination can take 2-3 months" (3)Germination: 4 weeks to 6 months, must be fresh

(1) Rosario, T. L.; Paralisan, H. A.; Siar, S. V. (1990) Floral biology, cytology and embryo culture of champagne palm (Mascarena lagenicaulis Linn.). Philippine Agriculturist, 1990, Vol.73, No.3-4, pp.349-357, 3 ref.
(2) Dransfield, J. (1996) Hyophorbe lagenicaulis . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.4, pp.186-190, 5 ref. (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Hyophorbe_lagenicaulis.html

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

single trunk palm with single meristem

http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/hyophorbe-lagenicaulis.htm

8.05

Don’t know.