Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Holmskioldia tettensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -5


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Holmskioldia tettensis (Klotzsch) Vatke; Karomia tettensis (Klotzsch) R. Fern. ( Holmskioldia speciosa, Karomia speciosa (Hutch. & Corbishley) R. Fern.); parasol plant, purple Chinese hats, Tahitian hat plant, African cup-and-saucer plant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)Distributional range:
Native: * AFRICA
South Tropical Africa: Mozambique
Southern Africa: South Africa - Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland (2)found in Mpumalanga, Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal.

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Holmskioldia+tettensis (07 June 2005) (2)http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/lamiaceae/

2.02

[region includes Mediterranean environments]

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a-11 (2)Deciduous & root hardy in colder winters.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:5q8xVHTfiTIJ:www.sugarlandgardenclub.org/
Timeless%2520Treasures%2520%2520Dazzling%2520Discoveries.pdf+Holmskioldia+tettensis&hl=en

2.04

Distributional range:
Native: * AFRICA
South Tropical Africa: Mozambique
Southern Africa: South Africa - Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Holmskioldia+tettensis (07 June 2005)

2.05

(1) Hawaii (2) Singapore (3) Japan

(1) Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. P732 (2) http://www.nparks.gov.sg/nursery/spe_by_search_details.asp?specode=6049&searchdetail=detail (3) http://www.ii-okinawa.ne.jp/people/midori/hozyo-3.html

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. P732

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Evergreen

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade (2)Sun, light shade

(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:5q8xVHTfiTIJ:www.sugarlandgardenclub.org/
Timeless%2520Treasures%2520%2520Dazzling%2520Discoveries.pdf+Holmskioldia+tettensis&hl=en

4.1

(1) Prefers moist soil (2) moist, well-drained soil

(1) http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=HOLMSKIOLDIA_TAITENSIS (2) http://www.sugarlandgardenclub.org/Timeless%20Treasures%20%20Dazzling%20Discoveries.pdf

4.11

shrub

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. P732

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Verbenaceae (Lamiaceae)

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds [butterflies]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/showimage/75971/

6.06

no evidence

6.07

don't know [a small shrub]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

plants for sale

http://almostedenplants.com/mall/purplechinesehat.asp

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds [dry friuts, no evidence of consumption]

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

7.05

[not typically found near water or seashore]

7.06

Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds [dry friuts, no evidence of consumption]

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

7.07

[no adaptations for external attachement]

7.08

Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds [dry friuts, no evidence of consumption]

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

8.01

Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds [dry friuts, no evidence of consumption]

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/91140/index.html

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Plants in this family should be encouraged by cutting off an entire branch all the way to the base.

http://davesgarden.com/forums/t/511229/

8.05

no evidence


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