Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hiptage benghalensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 8


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Banisteria benghalensis, (hiptage)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

cultivated elsewhere in tropics, naturalized in the Mascarenes

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19180 (29 September 2004)

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE
China: China [s.]
Eastern Asia: Taiwan
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India; Sri Lanka
Indo-China: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand
Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines
Other:
cultivated elsewhere in tropics, naturalized in the Mascarenes

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19180 (29 September 2004)

2.02

2.03

(1)"Prefers climates ranging from warm temperate to tropical. Dry and moist areas from sea level to 3500 ft. " (2)Native rangein India -- Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hiptage_benghalensis.htm (2)http://www.digitalherbarium.com/forest.htm

2.04

Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE
China: China [s.]
Eastern Asia: Taiwan
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India; Sri Lanka
Indo-China: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand
Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines
Other:
cultivated elsewhere in tropics, naturalized in the Mascarenes

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19180 (29 September 2004)

2.05

Present in: Hawaii and the Mascarene islands of La Reunion and Mauritius (PIER, 2002). It is reported as invasive in south-east Queensland, Australia (Batianoff & Butler, 2002). It is found, although perhaps not naturalised, on two Hawaiian Islands (Starr et al. 2003) and is listed as a potential pest in Florida, USA (FLEPPC 2001) where it is currently growing in the southeast corner of this state (Wunderlin and Hansen, 2000).

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

3.01 cultivated elsewhere in tropics, naturalized in the Mascarenes

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19180 (29 September 2004)

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1) " It is reported as invasive in south-east Queensland, Australia (Batianoff & Butler, 2002). It is found, although perhaps not naturalised, on two Hawaiian Islands (Starr et al. 2003) and is listed as a potential pest in Florida, USA (FLEPPC 2001) where it is currently growing in the southeast corner of this state (Wunderlin and Hansen, 2000)."
(2) AB: The problems of invasive plants on the island of Réunion are described. Invasive plants include Hyptage benghalensis [Hiptage benghalensis], Ligustrum robustum, Leucaena leucocephala, Rubus alceifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium jambos, Hedychium flavescens, H. gardnerianum, Fuchsia magellanica, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Solanum auriculatum [S. mauritianum], Acacia mearnsii, Ulex europaeus, Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dichrostachys cinerea, Lantana camara, Schinus terebinthifolius, Prosopis juliflora and Antigonon leptopus.
(3) In Hawai'i, H. benghalensis is sparingly cultivated and has been targeted for eradication on O'ahu by theO'ahu Invas

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss
(2) Tassin, J. , Riviere, J. N. (1999) Invasive plants on Réunion. Courrier de la Nature, 1999, No. 177, pp. 28-33, 5 ref.
(3) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/hiptage_benghalensis.pdf (4)http://www.fleppc.org/Plantlist/01list.htm (5)http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/pests/environmental_weeds/pdf/list.pdf (6)www.worldbank.org/afr/afr_for/fulltext/moritus.doc (7)http://www.ifrance.com/alternmaurit/actions/reaction.htm

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hiptage_benghalensis.htm

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

don't know

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

can form thickets in dry areas [possibly a fire hazard]

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

4.09

(1)"Moist but well drained soils in sunny places are prefered" (2)Other climbers, typical of these hills and slopes are Hiptage benghalensis Kurz.,….these climbers are restricted to cool and shady habitations along the southwestern slopes.

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.261 (2)http://www.digitalherbarium.com/forest.htm

4.1

"Moist but well drained soils in sunny places are prefered"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.261

4.11

(1)Life form: shrub, vine, climber (liana) (2)Woody climber, capable of smothering tree canopies

(1)http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss (2)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/hipben.htm

4.12

"On Mauritius and Réunion it thrives in drier lowland forest, forming impenetrable thickets, smothering native vegetation, and choking large trees."

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

liana; Malpigiaceae

5.03

liana; Malpigiaceae

5.04

liana

6.01

invade natural habitat

6.02

"Local dispersal by garden escape/garden waste: Seeds or cuttings."

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

flowers appear to be specialized based on morphology but no further information was found

6.06

"Local dispersal by garden escape/garden waste: Seeds or cuttings."

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

6.07

don't know

7.01

"Local dispersal by garden escape/garden waste: Seeds or cuttings."

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

7.02

"Cultivation: H. benghalensis is cultivated in the tropics for it's fragrant flowers (Whistler 2000). It can be trimmed to form a small tree or shrub or can be trained as a vine (Whistler 2000). It is also cultivated in India for medicinal purposes (Bailey and Bailey 1976)."

http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/hiptage_benghalensis.pdf

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"The seeds are readily dispersed by wind."

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hiptage_benghalensis.htm

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit, no evidence of ingestion

7.07

no evidence

7.08

dry fruit, no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"Fruit a samara with three spreading, papery oblanceolate to elliptic wing 2-5 cm long (3/4-2 in)." [relatively large fruit with only 3 seeds]

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss

8.02

no evidence

8.03

(1) Chemical control: "Very low volume basal bark applications of triclopyr killed 50% of treated plants. Survivors were plants with larger diameter stems in which the treatment did not cover the circumference of the stem completely." (Motooka et al., 2002)
(2) Chemical control: OISC is currently doing herbicide trials to find the most effective control methods. They have been cutting all places where H. benghalensis touches the ground and painting the stumps with 20% Garlon 4. The results of the trials are not yet known.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hiptage_benghalensis.htm [see http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/WC-6.pdf]

(2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/hiptage_benghalensis.pdf

8.04

"When grown as a shrub it must be periodically pruned to keep its shape" [tolerate frequent pruning]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.261

8.05

"Starr et al. (2003) state that no biological control methods are known and they suggest that the public could be asked not to grow or plant species with the potential to become invasive." [not found as extensive stands in Hawaii]

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&fr=&sts=tss


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