Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -4
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Hibiscus schizopetalus [syn. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus Mast. (basionym)]; fringed hibiscus, african hibiscus, coral hibiscus, Chinese lanterns |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
y |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
3 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
-4 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
No evidence |
|
1.02 |
No evidence |
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
2.01 |
Hibiscus schizopetalus is native to tropical east Africa. |
http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml |
2.02 |
Introduced to Florida. |
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_map?genus=Hibiscus&species=schizopetalus |
2.03 |
(1)Grows in cold, cold temperate to tropical places. (2)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (3)drought tolerance |
(1)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm (2)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc2930.htm (3)http://myadvertiser.com/2001/Feb/25/225islandlife16.html |
2.04 |
Hibiscus schizopetalus is native to tropical east Africa. |
http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml |
2.05 |
(1)Introduced to Florida. (2)Introduced to India (3)Widely and commonly cultivated throughout the tropics for its unusual and beautiful flowers. (4)Cultivated in Hawaii since around 1900 |
(1)http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_map?genus=Hibiscus&species=schizopetalus
(2)http://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/Shrubs.htm
(3)TI: LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS-SCHIZOPETALUS MALVACEAE. |
3.01 |
No evidence |
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
3.05 |
H. abelmoschus was listed as a common weed in Indonesia; H. articulatus was listed as a common weed in Angola; H. aspera was listed as a common weed in Gahna, Ivory Coast; H. cannabinus was listed as a serious weed in Zimbabwe, and common weed in Cambodia. |
Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979. |
4.01 |
No evidence of such structures. |
http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm |
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=Hibiscus+schizopetalous&submit=Submit+Query&search=all |
4.04 |
Palatable to grazing animals |
http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/AFRIS/Data/404.HTM |
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.06 |
(1) No evidence of associated fungal pathogens. |
(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm |
4.07 |
No evidence |
|
4.08 |
evergreen tree or shrub, dark green leaves |
http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm |
4.09 |
(1)Site: SDP (S=sunny, D=semi shade, P=protection required) (2)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun; soil should be moist |
http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm |
4.1 |
(1)Rich composted, medium soil, tolerates coastal salt conditions. (2)They will flourish in any fairly good soil. [Hibiscus] |
(1)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm (2)http://www.botany.com/hibiscis.htm |
4.11 |
Probably not - not a climber |
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.flora-toskana.de/Pflanzensortiment/hibiscus_schizopetalus.htm&prev=/search |
4.12 |
No evidence |
|
5.01 |
A shrub in Malvaceae. |
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.flora-toskana.de/Pflanzensortiment/hibiscus_schizopetalus.htm&prev=/search |
5.02 |
A shrub in Malvaceae. |
|
5.03 |
No evidence |
|
5.04 |
No evidence |
|
6.01 |
No evidence |
|
6.02 |
(1) Propagate by seed in spring |
(1) http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Hibiscus.htm (2) http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm |
6.03 |
(1) 'It is also used in the production of garden hybrids with H. rosasinensis L.' (2)It makes a great hibiscus parent plant for hybridizers [Don't know if natural hybrids occur]. |
(1) LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS-SCHIZOPETALUS MALVACEAE. CHEEK-M {a} SO: Taxon-. 1989; 38 (2): 261-263. (2)http://myadvertiser.com/2001/Feb/25/225islandlife16.html |
6.04 |
(1) The ornamental species H. rosa-sinensis (HR), H.
schizopetalus (HS) and H. mutabilis (HM) were utilised to study their self
and cross compatibility. It was found that only accession (ACC) 2 of HR and
HM set fruits naturally. |
(1) Markose, B. L. Aravindakshan, M. (1987) Compatibility studies in shoe flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.). Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 1987, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 17-26, 6 ref. (2) http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm |
6.05 |
bird pollination syndrome [extremely long stigma] |
|
6.06 |
No evidence of vegetative spread. |
|
6.07 |
(1)Chinese Lantern produces flowers on old wood (2)It is a very fast grower [best estimate for a fast growing whip-like shrub that flower on older wood] |
(1)http://home.att.net/~SHA-IV/ (2)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml |
7.01 |
No evidence |
|
7.02 |
Attractive flowers and leaves. Used as ground cover, hedge or screen and in rock gardens. |
http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm |
7.03 |
No evidence |
|
7.04 |
Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm |
http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm |
7.05 |
Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm |
http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm |
7.06 |
Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm |
http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm |
7.07 |
Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm |
http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm |
7.08 |
No evidence that seeds are consumed |
|
8.01 |
"Attempts to produce seed pods on H. schizopetalus using its own pollen and other rosa-sinensis varieties (mostly tried-and-tested Philippine garden varieties and other locally-developed hybrids crossed with cultivars originating from the United States and Australia) have not produced results to date." [don't produce seeds in cultivated populations but no information concerning native populations] |
http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm |
8.02 |
No evidence regarding seed bank, |
|
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
8.04 |
(1)It is a very fast grower and needs to be pruned often. (2)It has been killed back on the rare occasions when we have a hard freeze, but it recovers quickly. |
(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/790 |
8.05 |
Whitefly may cause problems. |
http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Hibiscus.htm |
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