Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hibiscus schizopetalus


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -4


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hibiscus schizopetalus [syn. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus Mast. (basionym)]; fringed hibiscus, african hibiscus, coral hibiscus, Chinese lanterns

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Hibiscus schizopetalus is native to tropical east Africa.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml

2.02

Introduced to Florida.

http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_map?genus=Hibiscus&species=schizopetalus

2.03

(1)Grows in cold, cold temperate to tropical places. (2)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (3)drought tolerance

(1)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm (2)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc2930.htm (3)http://myadvertiser.com/2001/Feb/25/225islandlife16.html

2.04

Hibiscus schizopetalus is native to tropical east Africa.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml

2.05

(1)Introduced to Florida. (2)Introduced to India (3)Widely and commonly cultivated throughout the tropics for its unusual and beautiful flowers. (4)Cultivated in Hawaii since around 1900

(1)http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_map?genus=Hibiscus&species=schizopetalus (2)http://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/Shrubs.htm (3)TI: LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS-SCHIZOPETALUS MALVACEAE.
AU: CHEEK-M {a}
SO: Taxon-. 1989; 38 (2): 261-263.. (4) Wagner, W, L. et al. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plant of Hawaii. Vol 1. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

H. abelmoschus was listed as a common weed in Indonesia; H. articulatus was listed as a common weed in Angola; H. aspera was listed as a common weed in Gahna, Ivory Coast; H. cannabinus was listed as a serious weed in Zimbabwe, and common weed in Cambodia.

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=Hibiscus+schizopetalous&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

Palatable to grazing animals

http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/AFRIS/Data/404.HTM

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) No evidence of associated fungal pathogens.
(2) The longevity of cotton weevil [Anthonomus grandis] was studied on Hibiscus pernambucensis, H. rosa-sinensis, H. schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus and Abutilon striatum [A. pictum] at 25 plus or minus 2 deg C, 74.6% RH and LD 10:14. Longevity of males and females on these host plants was: 132.3 and 131.1, 72.1 and 77.1, 60.8 and 85.5, 12.8 and 27.4, and 11.1 and 22.4 days, respectively. The species of Hibiscus studied were the best food plants, with the most feeding activity occurring on H. pernambucensis. [a specialized pest for cotton]

(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm
(2) Gabriel, D. (1999) Longevity of cotton weevil reared on five species of Malvaceae, in the laboratory. (Foreign Title: Longevidade do bicudo do algodoeiro criado em cinco espécies de Malvaceae, no laboratório.)Anais II Congresso Brasileiro de Algodão: O algodão no século XX, perspectivas para a século XXI, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, 5-10 Setembro 1999., 1999, pp. 266-268, 7 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

evergreen tree or shrub, dark green leaves

http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm

4.09

(1)Site: SDP (S=sunny, D=semi shade, P=protection required) (2)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun; soil should be moist

http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm

4.1

(1)Rich composted, medium soil, tolerates coastal salt conditions. (2)They will flourish in any fairly good soil. [Hibiscus]

(1)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm (2)http://www.botany.com/hibiscis.htm

4.11

Probably not - not a climber

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.flora-toskana.de/Pflanzensortiment/hibiscus_schizopetalus.htm&prev=/search
%3Fq%3DHibiscus%2Bschizopetalus%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A shrub in Malvaceae.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.flora-toskana.de/Pflanzensortiment/hibiscus_schizopetalus.htm&prev=/search
%3Fq%3DHibiscus%2Bschizopetalus%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

5.02

A shrub in Malvaceae.

5.03

No evidence

5.04

No evidence

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Propagate by seed in spring
(2) "Attempts to produce seed pods on H. schizopetalus using its own pollen and other rosa-sinensis varieties (mostly tried-and-tested Philippine garden varieties and other locally-developed hybrids crossed with cultivars originating from the United States and Australia) have not produced results to date." [don't produce seeds in cultivated populations but no information concerning native populations]

(1) http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Hibiscus.htm (2) http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm

6.03

(1) 'It is also used in the production of garden hybrids with H. rosasinensis L.' (2)It makes a great hibiscus parent plant for hybridizers [Don't know if natural hybrids occur].

(1) LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS-SCHIZOPETALUS MALVACEAE. CHEEK-M {a} SO: Taxon-. 1989; 38 (2): 261-263. (2)http://myadvertiser.com/2001/Feb/25/225islandlife16.html

6.04

(1) The ornamental species H. rosa-sinensis (HR), H. schizopetalus (HS) and H. mutabilis (HM) were utilised to study their self and cross compatibility. It was found that only accession (ACC) 2 of HR and HM set fruits naturally.
[no fruit produced by selfing]
(2) Attempts to produce seed pods on H. schizopetalus using its own pollen and other rosa-sinensis varieties (mostly tried-and-tested Philippine garden varieties and other locally-developed hybrids crossed with cultivars originating from the United States and Australia) have not produced results to date.

(1) Markose, B. L. Aravindakshan, M. (1987) Compatibility studies in shoe flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.). Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 1987, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 17-26, 6 ref.

(2) http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm

6.05

bird pollination syndrome [extremely long stigma]

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread.

6.07

(1)Chinese Lantern produces flowers on old wood (2)It is a very fast grower [best estimate for a fast growing whip-like shrub that flower on older wood]

(1)http://home.att.net/~SHA-IV/ (2)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml

7.01

No evidence

7.02

Attractive flowers and leaves. Used as ground cover, hedge or screen and in rock gardens.

http://www.treefarm.com.au/Hibiscus_schizopetalus_x.htm

7.03

No evidence

7.04

Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm

http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm

7.05

Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm

http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm

7.06

Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm

http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm

7.07

Capsule oblong cylindrical, ca. 4 cm

http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume12/Malvaceae-MO_edited.htm

7.08

No evidence that seeds are consumed

8.01

"Attempts to produce seed pods on H. schizopetalus using its own pollen and other rosa-sinensis varieties (mostly tried-and-tested Philippine garden varieties and other locally-developed hybrids crossed with cultivars originating from the United States and Australia) have not produced results to date." [don't produce seeds in cultivated populations but no information concerning native populations]

http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n13-2.htm

8.02

No evidence regarding seed bank,

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)It is a very fast grower and needs to be pruned often. (2)It has been killed back on the rare occasions when we have a hard freeze, but it recovers quickly.

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week091.shtml (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/790

8.05

Whitefly may cause problems.

http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Hibiscus.htm


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