Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hemerocallis thunbergii


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments

Hemerocallis thunbergii Baker. Family - Xanthorrhoeaceae (also Liliaceae) Common Names(s) - late yellow day-lily, Thunberg's day-lily, asama-kisuge, yusuge Synonym(s) - Hemerocallis coreana Nakai; Hemerocallis flava var. coreana (Nakai) M. Hotta; Hemerocallis serotina Focke; Hemerocallis sulphurea Nakai.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1.5-2.5

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence. (1) A clone of the wild species has been used extensively in hybridizations.

(1) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native: North China; Japan (2) Native: southwestern Korea, southern Japan

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

2.02

(1) Native: North China; Japan (2) Native: southwestern Korea, southern Japan

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones: 3a-9b. (2) H. thunbergii usually associated with ephemeral early successional habitats. "It is found in open grasslands, and recently deforested (logged) areas, infrequently in forest margins, and rarely under forest overstorey."

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56521/ [Cited 2010 March 23]. (2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

2.04

(1) Native: North China; Japan (2) Native: southwestern Korea, southern Japan

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

2.05

(1) Hemerocallis thunbergii is extensively cultivated in Europe and America.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

3.01

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 23].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 23].

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 23].

3.04

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 23].

3.05

(1) Hemerocallis fulva "is a popular ornamental that has escaped to invade natural and disturbed areas throughout the United States. Plants are 2-4 ft. (0.6-1.2 m) tall with round stems. Orange daylily infestations often occur adjacent to plantings or at old homesites. Areas invaded include meadows, forests, floodplains, ditches, and forest edges. Once established, the thick tubers make control difficult. Orange daylily is native to Asia and was introduced into the United States in the late 19th century as an ornamental."

(1) http://www.invasive.org/species/subject.cfm?sub=3407 [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are deer resistant. (2) Several Hemerocallis spp. were tested over a three-year period for their palatability to deer. All species were heavily browsed. (3) Hemerocallis spp. are rated as occasional severe browsing. [genus descriptions]

(1) http://www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/features/section3/deer_plants/deerplants.htm [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://www.gardeningindeercountry.com/plant-table.php [Cited 2010 March 22]. (3) http://njaes.rutgers.edu/deerresistance/default.asp?search=Hemerocallis&submit=Search [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.06

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are seldom attacked by insects and diseases. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, long-horned weevil, cutworms, and rust have been reported to damage Hemerocallis spp.

(1) Smith, F.F., 1968. Insects and related pests of daylilies. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. Darrow. G.M., Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 24]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 24].

4.08

(1) Herbaceous perennial.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.09

(1) Full sun, sun to part shade. (2) Hemerocallis thunbergii requires high light to flourish.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56521/ [Cited 2010 March 23]. (2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

4.10

(1) Soil pH: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic),6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) (2) "The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils."

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56521/ [Cited 2010 March 23]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+thunbergii [Cited 2010 March 24].

4.11

(1) Evergreen herb; roots cylindrical, not enlarged. Lvs 12-24" long, 0.2-0.3" long

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Liliaceae

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Herbaceous

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) Evergreen herb; roots cylindrical, not enlarged. Lvs 12-24" long, 0.2-0.3" long

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence. (1) This study focused on the comparison of nine populations of Hemerocallis thunbergii under three stages of historical succession (expansion, maturation, and senescence). "The results demonstrate considerable variation in the spatial distribution of individuals and patterns and magnitude of fine-scale genetic structure in H. thunbergii populations across the landscape."

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

6.02

(1) Propagation method: divide the rootball. (2) "The characteristics of Hemerocallis thunbergii plants raised from seeds showed no significant differences from those grown in the natural habitat."

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56521/ [Cited 2010 March 23]. (2) http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200114/000020011401A0579214.php [Cited 2010 March 24]. Nobuhiko, S., Kihei, Y.M.M., Masami, H. 2000. Characteristics of day-lily (Hemerocallis thunbergii Baker) indigenous to Oku-irou, Minamiizu. Bulletin of the Shizuoka Agricultural Experiment Station. 45:39-53.

6.03

Unknown. (1) Most Hemerocallis species cross naturally, yielding fertile hybrids.

(2) The Daylily: a Guide for Gardeners. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TA-lXxQAdcMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&dq=Hemerocallis+aurantiaca+%2B+%22seed%22&ots=
NEO0nWfkdN&sig=E_mTCD0rfUtOJgRGRenLeMlAueI#v=onepage&q=
Hemerocallis%20aurantiaca%20%2B%20%22seed%22&f=false

6.04

(1) Self-compatible, but self-pollination results in largely sterile seeds of Japanese plants, suggesting a primarily outcrossing mating system.

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths (Sphingidae).

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

6.06

(1) Propagation method: divide the rootball.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56521/ [Cited 2010 March 23].

6.07

(1) "Plants reach maturity I 1.5-2.5 years depending on available resources."

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

7.01

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [not grown in heavily trafficked areas]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.02

(1) Hemerocallis thunbergii is extensively cultivated in Europe and America.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

7.03

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [not grown with produce]

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.04

(1) Fruits develop into dry dehiscent capsules producing seeds (5mm long and c. 20mg) having no apparently specialized dispersal mechanisms.

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

7.05

(1) Fruits develop into dry dehiscent capsules producing seeds (5mm long and c. 20mg) having no apparently specialized dispersal mechanisms.

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

7.06

(1) Fruits develop into dry dehiscent capsules producing seeds (5mm long and c. 20mg) having no apparently specialized dispersal mechanisms.

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

7.07

(1) Fruits develop into dry dehiscent capsules producing seeds (5mm long and c. 20mg) having no apparently specialized dispersal mechanisms.

(1) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

7.08

Unknown. (1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

8.01

Unknown. (1) Hemerocallis thunbergii has 4-20 flowers per scape. [doesn't mention how many scapes per plant or how many seeds per capsule] (2) Fruits develop into dry dehiscent capsules producing seeds (5mm long and c. 20mg) having no apparently specialized dispersal mechanisms.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.(2) Chung, M.Y., Nason, J.D., Chung, M.G., 2007. Effects of population succession on demographic and genetic processes: predictions and tests in the daylily Hemerocallis thunbergii (Liliaceae) [electronic resource]. Molecular Ecology 16, 2816-2829.

8.02

Unknown. (1) Viability of Hemerocallis spp. may be high for six months or so, under temperature and humidity conditions found in most homes. After six months viability drops off rapidly [genus description]. (2) "For seed propagation, harvesting the capsules before maturing and chilling whole capsules at 2°C for about 2 months gave satisfactory results to break dormancy and initiate germination."

(1) Vothe, P.D., Griesbach, R.A., Yeager, J.R., 1968. Developmental anatomy and physiology of daylily, In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. G.M. Darrow, Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society Inc., Washington D.C. (2) http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200114/000020011401A0579214.php [Cited 2010 March 24]. Nobuhiko, S., Kihei, Y.M.M., Masami, H. 2000. Characteristics of day-lily (Hemerocallis thunbergii Baker) indigenous to Oku-irou, Minamiizu. Bulletin of the Shizuoka Agricultural Experiment Station. 45:39-53.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown. (1) According to the Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Council Inc. - Invasive Exotic Plant Management Tutorial for Natural Lands Managers, no biocontrol is available in Hawaii for Hemerocallis thunbergii.

(1) http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/Biocontrol.htm [Cited 2010 March 24].


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