Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hedychium coronarium


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 10


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hedychium coronarium (white ginger, garland flower, common ginger lily, butterfly lily)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Naturalized in (1)Hawaii, (2)Eastern Paraguay and (3)Philippines.

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Basuldo, I, Zardini, E and Ortiz, M. 1991. Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs. Economic Botany 45(1): 86. (3)Merrill, E.D. Enumeration of Philipine flowering plants. Volume 1 and 2. 1925. Manila Bureau of priniting.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

Native to the Himalayas and southwestern China and Naturalized in (1)Hawaii, (2)Eastern Paraguay and (3)Philippines.

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Basuldo, I, Zardini, E and Ortiz, M. 1991. Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs. Economic Botany 45(1): 86. (3)Merrill, E.D. Enumeration of Philipine flowering plants. Volume 1 and 2. 1925. Manila Bureau of priniting.

2.02

2.03

hardy in USDA zones 9-11 2)Requires consistently moist soil

http://www.thegardenhelper.com/Hedychium.htm 2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1297.html

2.04

Native to the Himalayas and southwestern China and Naturalized in (1)Hawaii, (2)Eastern Paraguay and (3)Philippines.

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Basuldo, I, Zardini, E and Ortiz, M. 1991. Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs. Economic Botany 45(1): 86. (3)Merrill, E.D. Enumeration of Philipine flowering plants. Volume 1 and 2. 1925. Manila Bureau of priniting.

2.05

Naturalized in (1)Hawaii, (2)Eastern Paraguay and (3)Philippines.

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Basuldo, I, Zardini, E and Ortiz, M. 1991. Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs. Economic Botany 45(1): 86. (3)Merrill, E.D. Enumeration of Philipine flowering plants. Volume 1 and 2. 1925. Manila Bureau of priniting.

3.01

Naturalized in (1)Hawaii, (2)Eastern Paraguay and (3)Philippines.

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Basuldo, I, Zardini, E and Ortiz, M. 1991. Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs. Economic Botany 45(1): 86. (3)Merrill, E.D. Enumeration of Philipine flowering plants. Volume 1 and 2. 1925. Manila Bureau of priniting.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

"Creeping growth overwhelms low growing plants in pastures and forests" (Motooka et al., 2002) [Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.UHCTAHR, Honolulu]

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hedychium_coronarium.htm

3.04

(1)White ginger is one of the most disruptive alien plant species at Kamakou Preserve, particularly in drainages in mesic sites where rare plants tend to be concentrated. Hedychium coronarium has been controlled at Kalopa State Park. (2)"Creeping growth overwhelms low growing plants in pastures and forests" (Motooka et al., 2002) [Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching . 2002. Weeds of pastures and natural areas of Hawaii and their management.UHCTAHR, Honolulu] (3)This species is widely distributed in wet habitats on all islands. There are major infestations above Nahiku, and Wailau Valley, Maui; and Puna and Kohala Mountains, Hawai'i.

(1)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hedychium_coronarium.htm (3)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm

3.05

Hedychium gardnerianum - A major invader of native forests in New Zealand. Also a problem species in South Africa and La Réunion

http://www.hear.org/pier3/hegar.htm

4.01

No evidence.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

Plants seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits

http://gardenbed.com/h/5819.cfm

4.05

No evidence.

4.06

(1)This site lists 12 fungal species to be associated with H. coronarium.Alternaria sp.: Cuba - 8361
Bartalinia robillardoides: India - 6558
Cercospora apii: Venezuela - 8361
Cercospora hedychii: Burma - 6641
Cercospora sp.: Cuba - 8361
Cladosporium sp.: Cuba - 8361
Leptosphaeria sp.: Cuba - 8361
Mycosphaerella hedychii: HI - 622, 622, 1710, 1710, 6600, 6600, 8558, 8558
Mycosphaerella sp.: Venezuela - 8361
Pestalotia funerea var. hedychii: Portugal - 7129
Pestalotiopsis microspora: Cuba - 8361; Venezuela - 8361
Rhizoctonia sp.: HI - 1710
(2)Of the above list Cercospora apii is found to be associated with Daucus carota, garden carrots and celery. Don’t know about the extent of damage. (3)Gary Strobel, a plant pathologist at Montana State University, studies both trees and thinks the endangered tree may be dying because of a threadlike fungus that he discovered living in th

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://www.ma.psu.edu/cgi-bin/pacma/search?8+Cercospora+apii (3)http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/rareyew.html

4.07

No evidence. The flowers can also be eaten; they are lightly steamed or blanched and served with nam phrik (hot chilli sauce) in Thailand. The powdered rhizome and an essential oil derived from it are antibiotic

http://www.kobakoba.co.uk/hedychium%20coronarium.htm

4.08

Its adapatation to fire is unknown but unless the fire is intense enough to harm the rhizomes it will recover. Succulent green stems with low flamability

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm

4.09

It appears to be relatively shade tolerant, as indicated by its growth in partial shade at Kamakou Preserve. (2)It tends to prefer some afternoon shade and may lean over a bit.

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html (2)http://hortiplex.gardenweb.com/plants/p1/gw1019089.html

4.1

Grows in clay, sandy, loamy well drained, slightly alkaline, neutral acidic moderate salt tolerance, moderate drought tolerance.

CD-ROM database. Horticopia: Trees, shrubs and groundcovers.

4.11

Not a vine. No evidence otherwise.

4.12

Hedychium coronarium is capable of forming dense, single species stands by vegetative spread through the expansion of a dense rhizome.

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

It is a perennial monocot herb/forb with rhizomes.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

No evidence of non-viabililty.

6.03

No information.

6.04

No information.

6.05

Seeds rarely formed in cultivation (long and unusually shaped corolla tube and anther placement)

Whistler, A. 2000 Tropical Ornamentals, Timber press

6.06

Stolons and, to some degree, seeds

http://www.hear.org/pier3/hecor.htm

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

dispersal of rhizome fragments by road maintenance machinery

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html

7.02

The species has great value as an ornamental plant for its fragrant flowers. (1)Long-distance dispersal is effected vegetatively by man.

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm

7.03

Seeds bright red, elongated about 4 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. Unlikely to be dispersed unintentionally as they are relatively big and brightly colored.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.04

No adaptation for wind

7.05

Possible but probably rare because some mechanical damage would be required to break off a piece of the rhizome.

7.06

(1)'However, reproduction by seeds, ... is localized because they are rarely displayed conspicuously.' [ No conspicuous display of seeds suggests that they are probably not usually dispersed by birds.]

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html

7.07

Probably not since the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.08

No information on consumption

8.01

(1)Capsules oblong about 3 cm long ad 1.5 cm wide. Seeds bright red, elongated about 4 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. (2)However, reproduction by seeds, which are not produced in large numbers, is localized because they are rarely displayed conspicuously

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm

8.02

No information.

8.03

(1)Escort, at a concentration of 4.5 g/l of water, without a surfactant, is highly effective on kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Cuddihy pers. comm.(b)). This was also relatively effective on an unreplicated trial on white ginger at Hawaii Volcanoes. ...Tomich (pers. comm.) found that undiluted Roundup was effective on white ginger when applied to the above ground roots emerging from the rhizomes, after the shoots were removed.
(2)The following herbicide treatments were evaluated for their use against Hedichium [Hedychium ] coronarium at Cordillera, Panama: picloram + 2,4-D amine at 0.25 + 0.96 and 0.38 + 1.44 kg a.i./ha; dicamba + 2,4-D amine at 0.48 + 1.44, 0.72 + 2.16 and 0.96 + 2.88 kg a.i./ha; a mixture of 2,4-D amine (6 lb) + (picloram + 2,4-D amine) in a proportion of 3:1 at rates equivalent to 2.4 + 0.064 and 3.59 + 0.096 kg a.i./ha; and the farmers' practice of diesel + 2,4-D amine (6 lb) in a proportion of 2:1 at 1%. At 120 d after spraying the herbicides, all other treatments were found to

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/hedycor.html (2)Hertentains, L. A.; Lezcano, F.; Santiago Ríos, A. 1993. Effect of herbicide dose on the chemical control of the heliotrope (Hedichium coronarium ) in Cordillera, Chiriqui, Panama. Ciencia Agropecuaria - Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, 1998, No.9, pp.117-126.

 

8.04

Its adapatation to fire is unknown but unless the fire is intense enough to harm the rhizomes it will recover.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm

8.05

Don’t know. However - 'The potential for biological control is poor because of the extensive use of this species in gardens and lei making. '

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hed_cor.htm


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