Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Fraxinus uhdei; shamel ash, tropical ash

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"F. uhdei can spread into disturbed forest areas. In Hawaii, invasions have been recorded in the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Oahu, and F. uhdei has been included among the most disruptive species to native ecosystems. Invasions are more intense on fertile soils and along streams (Harrington RA, Ewel JJ, Parrotta JA (ed), Turnbull JW, 1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Special issue: Catalysing native forest regeneration of degraded tropical lands. Selected edited papers based on the proceedings of an international symposium and workshop held in Washington, D.C., June 11-14, 1996. Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 1997, 99: 1-2, 153-162; 28 ref.)."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

List of countries with natural populations
Central America: Guatemala
North America: Mexico
List of countries where planted
Asia: Taiwan; India (Uttar Pradesh)
Caribbean: Puerto Rico
Central America: Costa Rica
North America: USA (Arizona; California) Hawaii (2)Native to western and southern Mexico

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

(1)Natural latitude range
-Approximate limits north to south: 26°N to 14°N
Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 300 - 2600 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 800 - 4000 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; uniform
- Dry season duration: 4 - 6 months
- Mean annual temperature: 12 - 25ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 20 - 30ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 7 - 20ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > -2ºC (2)Fraxinus uhdei appears to have a rather broad range of tolerance. It has been planted and escaped from plantings in wet and mesic environments. It grows best between 1,000 and 1,700 m elevation but also up to 2,000 m (Smith 1985). Nelson and Schubert (1976) report that it grows best from 450-1500 m in moist, well-drained sites. In mesic and dry areas, it is usually confined to gulches and wet areas (Skolmen, pers. comm., 1991).

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural latitude range
Approximate limits north to south: 26°N to 14°N
List of countries with natural populations
Central America: Guatemala
North America: Mexico
List of countries where planted
Asia: Taiwan; India (Uttar Pradesh)
Caribbean: Puerto Rico
Central America: Costa Rica
North America: USA (Arizona; California) Hawaii (2)Native to western and southern Mexico

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"F. uhdei has been introduced to Hawaii, Puerto Rico and sub-Himalayan regions of India for watershed protection and timber production. It is also a popular street and shade tree in California, Arizona and Mexico. In the Central Valley and Bay Area of California"

3.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"F. uhdei can spread into disturbed forest areas. In Hawaii, invasions have been recorded in the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Oahu, and F. uhdei has been included among the most disruptive species to native ecosystems. Invasions are more intense on fertile soils and along streams (Harrington RA, Ewel JJ, Parrotta JA (ed), Turnbull JW, 1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Special issue: Catalysing native forest regeneration of degraded tropical lands. Selected edited papers based on the proceedings of an international symposium and workshop held in Washington, D.C., June 11-14, 1996. Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 1997, 99: 1-2, 153-162; 28 ref.)."

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) Harrington, R. A.; Ewel, J. J.1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Forest Ecology and Management, 99:153-162 (3)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

(1)"F. uhdei can spread into disturbed forest areas. In Hawaii, invasions have been recorded in the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Oahu, and F. uhdei has been included among the most disruptive species to native ecosystems (Smith, personal opinion). Invasions are more intense on fertile soils and along streams (Harrington RA, Ewel JJ, Parrotta JA (ed), Turnbull JW, 1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Special issue: Catalysing native forest regeneration of degraded tropical lands. Selected edited papers based on the proceedings of an international symposium and workshop held in Washington, D.C., June 11-14, 1996. Forest-Ecology-and-Management. 1997, 99: 1-2, 153-162; 28 ref.)." (2) The most abundant understorey species under Fraxinus were Cibotium glaucum and Metrosideros polymorpha , dominant components of native Hawaiian rain forest. In contrast, the most abundant understorey species in the Eucalyptus plantations was the alien tree, Psidium cattl

3.05

Fraxinus angustifolia and Fraxinus ornus are weeds on unknown importnace in Australia

Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

4.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.991"Tree up to 24-(28) m tall, bark gray or brown, furrowed; young branches pubescent, soon glabrate"

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1)Platis, P.; Papanastasis, V.1993. Productivity of deciduous fodder trees and shrubs in relation to the year of cutting. REUR Technical Series - FAO Regional Office for Europe, , No.28, pp.134-136 (2)Arredondo, S.; Aronson, J.; Ovalle, C.; Pozo, A. del; Avendaño, J. 1998. Screening multipurpose legume trees in central Chile. Forest Ecology and Management,109, :221-229

unlikely -- several congeners are used as fodder e.g. (1)Fraxinus ornus (2)Fraxinus excelsior

4.05

no evidence

4.06

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Siphoninus phillyreae (ash white fly) <http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/ash_whitefly.htm>
"Ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae, was described as Aleyrodes phillyreae by Haliday (1835), on Phillyrea latifolia collected in Dublin, Ireland. It has several synonyms listed in Mound and Halsey (1978). In the United States, S. phillyreae was first collected in Los Angeles County, California in 1988, and has since spread to Kern, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Stanislaus, Tulare and Ventura counties. Most ash whiteflies in California were found on pomegranate, ash tree, pear, apple, loquat and citrus. It causes severe damage to pear and apple in Europe. Heavy infestations caused leaf wilt, early leaf drop and smaller fruit (Bellows et al. 1990). If this whitefly is introduced into Florida we expect it to become a pest of ornamental plants and possibly other crops. "

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

(1)" F. uhdei is relatively shade tolerant and can regenerate by coppicing (Walters GA, Wick HL, 1973. Coppicing to convert cull Australian Toon, Tropical Ash to acceptable trees. USDA-Forest-Service-Research-Note,-Pacific-Southwest-Forest-and-Range-Experiment-Station. 1973, No. PSW-283, 4 pp.; 2 ref.). " (2)shade tolerance of seedlings and saplings

4.1

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Descriptors
- Soil texture: medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: acid; neutral
- Special soil tolerances:

4.11

tree

4.12

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/fra_uhd.htm

forming dense stands from which most native species are excluded [this statement conflicts with Harrington, R. A.; Ewel, J. J.1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Forest Ecology and Management, 99:153-162 "The most abundant understorey species under Fraxinus were Cibotium glaucum and Metrosideros polymorpha , dominant components of native Hawaiian rain forest."

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Oleaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"F. uhdei is a fast-growing, medium to large tree (up to 35-40 m tall and 1 m stem diameter) that grows naturally in mixed mountain forests from west-central Mexico to Guatemala and can become weedy in disturbed sites. "

6.02

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.991"in Hawaii over 700,000 trees planted by state foresters from 1924 1960 on all of main islands except Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe, the stands extensively reseeding themselves, but apparently only spreading in few locations "

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.991"Flowers unisexual (and the plant dioecious)"

6.05

no evidence, probably wind pollinated

6.06

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

(1)" Ability to sucker" [but not evidence of spread by vegetative fragmentation] (2)Fraxinus uhdei regenerates mostly or possibly exclusively from seed (Skolmen, pers. comm., 1991)

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

no evidence

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.991"Samaras oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm long, the wing 5-6 mm wide, apex with a small notch"

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.991"Samaras oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm long, the wing 5-6 mm wide, apex with a small notch" [proabaly average < 1000 per m2 due to large samaras

8.02

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

Seeds banks may survive up to eight years, as suggested by continued seedling recruitment in populations controlled at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

8.03

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/fraxuhd.html

Ring notching or cut stump with Garlon 3A is recommended for larger plants. Arakaki et al. (1989) found that undiluted Garlon 3A in a continuous ring notch application offered complete control. Lower concentrations than that recommended for notching may also be effective.

8.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Silvicultural characteristics descriptors
- Tolerates fire; shade
- Ability to sucker; regenerate rapidly; suited for coppicing

8.05

no evidence