Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage. Family - Myrtaceae. Common Names(s) - Yarra Gum. Synonym(s) - NA.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+yarraensis [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden and Cambage (yarra gum) is a small-to-medium-sized rough-barked tree endemic to Victoria, Australia [temperate climate]

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808.

2.02

(1)Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden and Cambage (yarra gum) is a small-to-medium-sized rough-barked tree endemic to Victoria, Australia. [native range well known]

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808.

2.03

(1)Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden and Cambage (yarra gum) is a small-to-medium-sized rough-barked tree endemic to Victoria, Australia [temperate climate]

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808.

2.04

(1)No evidence.

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

3.05

(1)E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

(1)Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+yarraensis [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

4.02

(1)The woodland community is restricted to a small patch in the Gulf Road reserve, where it is dominated by Eucalyptus yarraensis (Yarra Gum) (rare in Victoria), over a moderately diverse understorey, including the nationally endangered species, Dianella amoena (Matted Flax-lily). [diverse understory suggest E. yarraensis is not allelopathic]

(1)http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/library/current_projects/water_supply/
sugarloaf_pipeline_project/project_impact_assessment_report/appx_8-2_ff.pdf [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D. and I. E. Woodrow. 2002. Cyanogenic polymorphism as an indicator of genetic diversity in the rare species Eucalyptus yarraensis (Myrtaceae). Functional Plant Biology 29: 1445–1452. (2)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808

4.04

(1)The rare Australian tree Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage is cyanogenic, a quantitative trait potentially indicative of genetic diversity. Cyanogenic plants are capable of releasing cyanide from endogenous cyanide-containing compounds. Cyanide is toxic or deterrent to generalist or non-adapted specialist herbivores. Consequently, cyanogenic plants are afforded an effective means of chemical defense. (2)The continued maintenance of a relatively low level of prunasin defence, as observed in mature stands of yarra gum (Goodger and Woodrow 2002), may be necessary to defend against the smaller arboreal mammalian folivores Phascolarctos cinereus (koala), Pseudocheirus peregrinus (common ringtail possum), and Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum) common to the communities the yarra gum inhabits.

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D. and I. E. Woodrow. 2002. Cyanogenic polymorphism as an indicator of genetic diversity in the rare species Eucalyptus yarraensis (Myrtaceae). Functional Plant Biology 29: 1445–1452. (2)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808

4.05

(1)The rare Australian tree Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage is cyanogenic, a quantitative trait potentially indicative of genetic diversity. Cyanogenic plants are capable of releasing cyanide from endogenous cyanide-containing compounds. Cyanide is toxic or deterrent to generalist or non-adapted specialist herbivores. Consequently, cyanogenic plants are afforded an effective means of chemical defense. (2)The continued maintenance of a relatively low level of prunasin defence, as observed in mature stands of yarra gum (Goodger and Woodrow 2002), may be necessary to defend against the smaller arboreal mammalian folivores Phascolarctos cinereus (koala), Pseudocheirus peregrinus (common ringtail possum), and Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum) common to the communities the yarra gum inhabits.

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D. and I. E. Woodrow. 2002. Cyanogenic polymorphism as an indicator of genetic diversity in the rare species Eucalyptus yarraensis (Myrtaceae). Functional Plant Biology 29: 1445–1452. (2)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808

4.06

Unknown

4.07

No evidence of toxicity to humans (1)The rare Australian tree Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage is cyanogenic, a quantitative trait potentially indicative of genetic diversity. Cyanogenic plants are capable of releasing cyanide from endogenous cyanide-containing compounds. Cyanide is toxic or deterrent to generalist or non-adapted specialist herbivores. Consequently, cyanogenic plants are afforded an effective means of chemical defense. (2)The continued maintenance of a relatively low level of prunasin defence, as observed in mature stands of yarra gum (Goodger and Woodrow 2002), may be necessary to defend against the smaller arboreal mammalian folivores Phascolarctos cinereus (koala), Pseudocheirus peregrinus (common ringtail possum), and Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum) common to the communities the yarra gum inhabits.

(1)Goodger, J.Q.D. and I. E. Woodrow. 2002. Cyanogenic polymorphism as an indicator of genetic diversity in the rare species Eucalyptus yarraensis (Myrtaceae). Functional Plant Biology 29: 1445–1452. (2)Goodger, J.Q.D., Choo, T.Y.S. and I. E. Woodrow. 2007. Ontogenetic and temporal trajectories of chemical defence in a cyanogenic eucalypt. Oecologia 153:799–808

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1)Growing Conditions: Heavy clay soils on river flats and flood plains, tolerates some inundation. Frost resistant. Full sun or partial shade.

(1)http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Directory/S2_Print.asp?S2Key=11 [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

4.10

(1)Growing Conditions: Heavy clay soils on river flats and flood plains, tolerates some inundation.

(1)http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Directory/S2_Item.asp?Mkey=125&S3Key=27 [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

4.11

(1)Habit: Tree.

(1)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+yarraensis [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

4.12

No evidence (1)Eucalyptus yarraensis is endemic (local) to Victoria and threatened with extinction because of its preference for growing on fertile land that has been cleared for farming. Jells and surrounding parks protect one of the most substantial remaining populations.

(1)http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources05/05_0667.pdf [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Myrtaceae

5.03

Myrtaceae

5.04

(1)Habit: Tree.

(1)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+yarraensis [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

6.01

(1)Abstract: Variation in adult morphology and volatile leaf oils was examined in five populations of the rare Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage sampled over the species’ natural range in Victoria. The species shows little morphological variation, but there is clear geographic separation of two chemical forms of leaf oil, with a high benzaldehyde form in eastern populations, and a high 1,8-cineole chemical form in western populations. The occurrence of chemical forms may be related to environmental parameters. In the absence of genetic data, the chemical variation in the species suggests that secure populations need to be protected to include thetwo different chemical types. There are some relatively secure western populations, but representative eastern populations are usually small and vulnerable to local extinctions. If the genetic resources of this disjunct species are to be preserved, the species may need formal legislative protection. [rare in parts of native range, but not apparently due to reproductive failure]

(1)Simmons, D. and R. F. Parsons . 1999. Variation in the morphology and volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus yarraensis (Myrtaceae), a disjunct rare species in Victoria. Australian Systematic Botany 12(2) 157 - 167.

6.02

(1)Typical germination rate per gram: 84 (2)Eucalyptus yarraensis (Yarra gum) trees were once found widely in the region, but have lost much of their habitat in the past century. One of the last significant stands existed just south of the Hazelwood Mine. This stand of trees was slowly disappearing due to the encroaching mining operations. For many years we collected seed and worked closely with external stakeholders including Department of Sustainability and Environment, West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority, Greening Australia and other groups to tap into this stand for seed and ensure the survival of the Yarra gum.

(1)http://www.florabank.org.au/files/documents/seedgerminationanddo/20070801-17.pdf [Accessed 05 Jan 2009] (2)http://www.ipplc.com.au/Page.php?iPageID=287 [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown for E. yarraensis (1)Although eucalypts are commonly self-compatible, the eucalypt breeding system is one of mixed mating with preferential outcrossing, demonstrating a reduction in capsule production, seed yield and seedling vigor after self pollination compared with cross pollination.

(1)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

6.05

(1)Flowering: Clusters of 7 small diamond-shaped buds...Both food for caterpillars and nectar for butterflies. [floral morphology suggests insect and possibly wind pollination] (2)Many temperate and woodland eucalypts rely on opportunist pollination, primarily by a diverse insect fauna that is constantly present.

(1)http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Directory/S2_Item.asp?Mkey=125&S3Key=27 [Accessed 05 Jan 2009] (2)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Directory/S2_Item.asp?Mkey=125&S3Key=27 [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

6.07

(1)Eucalyptus yarraensis - Yarra Gum (Victoria) A low spreading tree with dark bark and glossy elliptical green leaves. Related to E. ovata and tolerates poor drainage well. Moderately fast growing and tolerant of a wide range of sites in cultivation. Hardy to around 8 - 15°F. [moderately fast growing tree, so probably 3+ years]

(1)http://www.angelfire.com/bc/eucalyptus/Y.html [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

7.01

(1)Seed is not ejected in any species of eucalypt (Boland et al. 1980) and it is thought that wind may be the most important agent of dispersal (Cremer 1977). The very smallness and lightness of the seed of many eucalypts may be as advantageous as any external structure if wind is the main dispersing factor [no means of external attachment]

(1)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

7.02

(1)Sold as an ornamental

(1)http://www.latrobe.edu.au/wildlife/flora/trees.html [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

7.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.florabank.org.au/files/documents/seedgerminationanddo/20070801-17.pdf [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

7.04

(1)Seed is not ejected in any species of eucalypt (Boland et al. 1980) and it is thought that wind may be the most important agent of dispersal (Cremer 1977). The very smallness and lightness of the seed of many eucalypts may be as advantageous as any external structure if wind is the main dispersing factor.

(1)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

7.05

(1)Growing Conditions: Heavy clay soils on river flats and flood plains, tolerates some inundation [seeds possibly water dispersed, but no direct evidence found]

(1)http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Directory/S2_Item.asp?Mkey=125&S3Key=27 [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

7.06

(1)Fruits: Fruits hemispherical. Disc depressed or flat. Valves rim-level or exserted. Chaff dimorphic, linear and cuboid.

(1)http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+yarraensis [Accessed 05 Jan 2009]

7.07

(1)Seed is not ejected in any species of eucalypt (Boland et al. 1980) and it is thought that wind may be the most important agent of dispersal (Cremer 1977). The very smallness and lightness of the seed of many eucalypts may be as advantageous as any external structure if wind is the main dispersing factor [no means of external attachment]

(1)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

7.08

(1)Seed is not ejected in any species of eucalypt (Boland et al. 1980) and it is thought that wind may be the most important agent of dispersal (Cremer 1977). The very smallness and lightness of the seed of many eucalypts may be as advantageous as any external structure if wind is the main dispersing factor [unlikely, as seeds are not adapted for animal dispersal]

(1)Williams, J.E. and J. Woinarski. 1997. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no control efforts reported for this species]

8.04

(1)Able to coppice

(1)http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/wimregn.nsf/0d08cd6930912d1e4a2567d2002579cb/
0234b6f15ea92db1ca2574d50023ad90/$FILE/plant%20checklist%20p4.pdf [Accessed 06 Jan 2009]

8.05

Unknown