Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus torquata Luehm.; coral gum

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

List of countries with natural populations [Australia] Western Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

Within the area, the climate may be indicated by the extreme summer temperature of 115 degree F atKalgoorlie with frequent days over 100 degree F. At Coolgardie the extreme winter temperature is 29 degree F with an average of eleven frosts." (2)USDA: 9-10 (3)Tolerant of extended dry periods and moderate frosts. Grows well in alkaline soils and tolerates some salinity

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169 (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_torquata.html (3)http://www.australianplants.com/plants4.html

2.04

List of countries with natural populations [Australia] Western Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1) Israel, (2) California and Arizona

(1) Eisikowitch, D. Reves, Y. (1983) Eucalyptus torquata, the coral-flowered gum - an attractive plant for honey bees in Israel. American Bee Journal, 1983, Vol. 123, No. 8, pp. 576-577 (2) Gardner, C. A. (1979) Eucalypts of Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin 4013. 260pp. p.40

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

4.01

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical propertis of Eucalyptus deter browsers

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

promoted for low fire risk landscaping

http://www.rsf-fire.org/assets/documents/desirable_tree_list.pdf

4.08

Evergreen tree

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_torquata.html

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full sun (2)Full sun

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_torquata.html (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_torquata.htm

4.1

(1)"Coral gum is adaptable to moist soils but prefers well-drained soil." (2)Soil Type: Sandy, Clay

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169 (2)http://www.nativenursery.com.au/Eucalypt.html

4.11

"Coral gum is a tree up to 35 ft high with many branches forming a rounded canopy"

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"usually grows in shallow, rocky soil on hill side"

5.02

tree, Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

produce viable seeds (2)Abundant, long flowering small to medium tree, 15-30'. Spectacular clusters of pink flowers are long flowering through spring and summer.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169
(2)http://www.downunderontop.com/plantlist2.html

6.02

"seeds should germinate in one to two weeks"

6.03

(1)some artificial hybrids were produced but no evidence of natural hybrids (2)Eucalyptus woodwardii x torquata (Eucalyptus 'Torwood') [don't know if it is natural]

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_torwood.htm

6.04

"This species is probably self sterile, so that it is advisable to grow two or more trees to secure fruit and seeds, for the fruits are also attractive."

Gardner, C. A. (1979) Eucalypts of Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin 4013. 260pp. p.40

6.05

(1)visited by bees (2)bird attracting

(1)Eisikowitch, D. Reves, Y. (1983) Eucalyptus torquata, the coral-flowered gum - an attractive plant for honey bees in Israel. American Bee Journal, 1983, Vol. 123, No. 8, pp. 576-577 (2)http://www.menofthetrees.com.au/fthspecies.html

6.06

no evidence

6.07

"The species will flower when only one or two years old." [woody capsules containing mature seeds take many months to mature]

7.01

(1) "Coral gum is cultivated widely, particularly in aris climates, where it is a popular species for street tree planting."
(2) "There is an average of 92 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seeds." [street tree with small seeds but no means of attachment]

7.02

"Coral gum is cultivated widely, particularly in aris climates, where it is a popular species for street tree planting."

Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"There is an average of 92 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seeds." [minute seeds] Seed capsules are 1/2 inch long, grooved.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169
http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_torquata.html

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit

7.07

no known means of attchment

7.08

no evidence of ingestion by animals

8.01

"There is an average of 92 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seeds." [minute seeds]

8.02

(1) "seed should germinate in one to two weeks"
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.169
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence of being controlled for

8.04

8.05

no evidence