Eucalyptus torelliana risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Eucalyptus torelliana

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 4

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Eucalyptus torelliana (cadagha, cadaghi, blood-leaf gum, gum tree) Synonyum- Corymbia torelliana	Answer	Score
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated?	n	0
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?	n
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?	n
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	2
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2	2
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	n	0
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y	1
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05	n	-2
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n	0
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	y	2
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	n	0
4.02	Allelopathic	n	0
4.03	Parasitic	n	0
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals
4.05	Toxic to animals	n	0
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	n	0
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	n	0
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	n	0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle	y	1
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	y	1
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	n	0
4.12	Forms dense thickets	n	0
5.01	Aquatic	n	0
5.02	Grass	n	0
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	n	0
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	n	0
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	n	0
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y	1
6.03	Hybridizes naturally	y	1
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	n	-1
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	n	0
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	n	-1
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	4	-1
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	y	1
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y	1
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	y	1
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	y	1
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	n	-1
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	n	-1
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	y	1
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	n	-1
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	y	1
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire	n	-1
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)
	Total score:		4

Supporting data:

	Notes	Reference
1.01	No evidence.
1.02	No evidence of naturalization.
1.03	No evidence
2.01	Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to west of Ingham.	CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
2.02
2.03	(1) 'It is widely cultivated for amenity purposes because of its dense broad canopy and adaptability to a range of climatic conditions. ' Vegetation types: riparian forests; sclerophyllous forests. Approximate limits north to south: 15°S to 19°S. - Altitude range: 30 - 800 m - Mean annual rainfall: 900 - 2000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer - Dry season duration: > 3 months - Mean annual temperature: 0 - 0ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 29 - 30ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 12 - 15ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 5ºC (2)Hardiness range - 10A - 11	(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc2330.htm
2.04	Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to west of Ingham.	CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
2.05	E. torelliana has been cultivated or trialed mainly in low latitude tropical countries to include the following countries. The countries listed are taken from the Australian Tree Seed Centre (CSIRO, FFP) seed database and literature: Nigeria, Cameron, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Comoros, Malawi, Zambia, Congo Democratic republic (Zaire), South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Malaysia, Fiji, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines and Mexico.'	CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
3.01	No evidence of naturalization.
3.02	'The sticky seed pod resin from the E. torelliana is collected by bees, but unfortunately because of the weight of the resin, it is deposited either at the entrance to honey bee hives or within the honeycombs. This completely clogs both the honeycombs and sometimes seals the bee hive entrance, killing all bees inside.Also, this gum tree (E. torelliana) has large leaves that, at this time of the year, are covered in a sooty fungus which can drips on cars, pavers and outdoor furniture. As well, the tree has large horizontal limbs that are liable to snap off on a still hot summer night - three reasons indeed not to plant Eucalyptus torelliana in your backyard!' [Answered no because no other evidence in addition to this].	http://www.abc.net.au/brisbane/stories/s1485421.htm
3.03	No evidence
3.04	(1)Weediness could become a problem given that the species can produce copious quantities of seed and it is adaptable to a wide range of sites as found in Queensland. However, reports of weediness have not been documented. (2)E. torelliana has been declared a pest by Brisbane City Council and I have heard information from a number of sources that the E torelliana pollen makes the bees enter a "drunken" type of state and go around destroying their nests. Others say that the "stuff" they use from the cadaghi tree weakens the nest and causes it to collapse. (3)Tropical tree- moderately invasive.	(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.envirotalk.com.au/forum/index.php?showtopic=327 93)http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Eucalyptus&s=torelliana
3.05	Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia.	An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al.
4.01	No evidence of such structures.	CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
4.02	No evidence
4.03	No evidence