Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus stoatei C. A. Gardner; Eucalyptus forrestiana ssp stoatei , scarlet pear gum

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)List of countries with natural populations [Australia] Western Australia (2)Found native in a small area of Jerdacuttup West Australia

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm

2.02

2.03

(1)"From limited records, the extreme summer temperature is 110 degree F with occasional days over 100 degree F, and the extreme winter temperature is 32 degree F with one or two light frosts"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

2.04

List of countries with natural populations [Australia] Western Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

no evidence [not widely planted outside of Australia]

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

4.01

no description of these traits

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical propertis of Eucalyptus deter browsers

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Cultivation: Sun (2)Loves sun

(1)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm

4.1

(1)"It is suitable for sandy or loamy soil and will also grow satisfactorily in calcareous soil." pH 5.5 to 6.4 (2)Gravelly sand or clay, sandy loam (3)Tolerates saline soils

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm (2)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=273&level=s&id=9157 (3)http://www.molestationnursery.com/plantdb/complete.asp

4.11

"The scarlet pear gum is a slender tree usually 15-20 ft high, with erect branches and dense foliage forming a narrow crown."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"usually occur in gravelly sand or sandy loam in hilly country, with associated scrub heath"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

5.02

tree, Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

NO lignotuber

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm

6.01

produce viable seeds in natural habitat

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

6.02

"seed should germinate between one and two weeks after sowing"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

6.03

Hybrid between Eucalyptus tetraptera and Eucalyptus stoatei from Jerdacuttup, Western Australia [this is the narrow native range, so presumed to occur naturally]

Nuytsia Vol. 10 No. 1 January 11 1995 [http://www.calm.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia_list.html]

6.04

p.625 "average level of outcrossing of 82% among the highest so far recorded from euclypts", p.636 "The species has some form of partial self-imcompatibility and/or post zygotic lethal system that eliminate the products of self-pollination. Another possibility is that the rate of selfing by honeyeater may also be reduced through the species being protandrous."

Hopper, S. D. Moran, G. F. (1981) Bird pollination and the mating system of Eucalyptus stoatei. Australian Journal of Botany, 1981, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 625-638, 34 ref.

6.05

p.625 "Eucalyptus stoatei is unusual in the genus in being predominantly if not exclusively pollinated by birds (honeyeater)"

Hopper, S. D. Moran, G. F. (1981) Bird pollination and the mating system of Eucalyptus stoatei. Australian Journal of Botany, 1981, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 625-638, 34 ref.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Small mallet to 18' (6 m), NO lignotuber, Growth Rate: Slow [minimum estimate for a slow growing small tree]

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"It is cultivated in many parts of southern Australia"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"The fertile seeds are black, irregularly pyramidal with a flattened wing-like margin."; " one seed sample gave a count of 50 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seed." [minute, winged seed]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

no evidence of being ingested by animals

8.01

" one seed sample gave a count of 50 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seed." [minute seed]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174

8.02

(1) "seed should germinate in one to three weeks"
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p. 174
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

(1)"It can be pruned if necessary." [but not often done] (2)No lignotuber

(1)Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. P.30 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_stoatei.htm

8.05

no evidence