Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus sideroxylon
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus sideroxylon (black ironbark, red ironbark) Synonym: Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. rosea Family- Myrtaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | ||
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y | 1 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 4 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | ||
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 2 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | (1)"Eucalyptus sideroxylon, a dicot in the family Myrtaceae, is a tree that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild." (2)Naturalized in Hawaii. | (1)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3537&ttime=1157664105 (2)http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=Hawaii&statefips=15&symbol=EUSI2 and Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. page 958 |
| 1.03 | "Cultivars -'Rosea' is a pink flowering variety. Others are available with very gray foliage and darker bark. Due to variability in color from pale pink to light crimson, selection should be made when in flower. " [No evidence of the cultivars being weedy]. | |
| 2.01 | (1) "Open forest of the western slopes and plains of New South Wales, extending into Queensland and Victoria." (2)This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. | (1)http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html (2)http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea.html |
| 2.02 | "This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. " | http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea.html |
| 2.03 |
(1)Altitude range: 0 - 2000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 420 - 1000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; winter; uniform - Dry season duration: 4 - 7 months - Mean annual temperature: 19 - 24ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 25 - 34ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 0 - 8ºC (2)USDA zones 9 to 11. |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) |
| 2.04 | (1) "Open forest of the western slopes and plains of New South Wales, extending into Queensland and Victoria." (2)This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. | (1)http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/e-sider.html (2)http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea.html |
| 2.05 | "This tree has been cultivated as well outside of Australia, in countries that include the US, Brazil and many Mediterranean areas. It originates in Queensland, grows through NSW and into the north-eastern areas of Victoria. " | http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/eucalyptus-sideroxylon-rosea.html |
| 3.01 | (1)"Eucalyptus sideroxylon, a dicot in the family Myrtaceae, is a tree that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild." (2)Naturalized in Hawaii. | (1)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3537&ttime=1157664105 (2)http://plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=Hawaii&statefips=15&symbol=EUSI2 and Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. page 958 |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | Listed as a 'category 2' weed in South Africa. "These are the plants which have been declared Weeds and Alien Invader Plants in South Africa in terms of the Regulations pertaining to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 as amended. For more information, please see the website of the ARC- PPRI at http://www.arc.agric.za/institutes/ppri/main/divisions/weedsdiv.htm" [No further evidence of it being a weed in agricultural/forestry areas]. | http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens1.htm |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.Page 958 |
| 4.02 | (1)"Seeds germination and weed yeild was least under fresh Eucalyptus mulches. Eucalyptus sideroxylon 'rosea' A. Cunn. ex Woolls, was the most inhibitory and E. globulus Labill. the least inhibitory of the fresh mulch treatment." (2)"Green (1991) stated that Eucalyptus sideroxylon, widely planted in the 1950's was not used by the forestry department in the late twentieth century because of its great allelopathic potential." | (1)http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/freeform/slosson/documents/1993-19942140.pdf#search=%22%22Eucalyptus%20sideroxylon%22%20toxic%7Ctoxin%22 (2)http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_4_1_1-35.pdf#search=%22%22Eucalyptus%20sideroxylon%22%20allelopathic%7Callelopathy%22 |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 | (1)The following pests
were listed to be associated with Eucalyptus sideroxylon:
Anoplognathus insect Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid) insect Gonipterus insect Paropsis charybdis (eucalyptus tortoise beetle) insect Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly) insect - No evidence that the above are economic pests. (2)No significant pest problems are known at this time. |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.cityofla.org/BOSS/streettree/EucalyptusSideroxylon.htm |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Grows in regions with mean annual rainfall: 420 - 1000 mm. [Seems to grow in relatively dry regions, however an evergreen tree - in sufficent evidence to conclude it being a fire hazard]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.09 | (1)Sun Exposure: Full sun to light shade (2)It cannot grow in the shade. | (1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus_sideroxylon.html (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Eucalyptus+sideroxylon |