Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 7
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus saligna (sydney blue gum, blue gum) | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y | 1 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | n | -1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y | 1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 3 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | y | 1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 7 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence. | |
| 1.02 | (1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2)Naturalzied in New Zealand. | (1)Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R. and Sohmer, S H. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Vol 1 Page 958. (2)Webb, C.J. et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. Vol IV. Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Singapore National Printers Limited. Page 862. |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | (1)'List of countries with natural populations -Oceania, [Australia], New South Wales, Queensland. … Jacobs (1981) estimated that by the late 1970's at least half a million hectares of successful E. saligna plantations had been established outside of Australia and particularly in countries in South America and southern Africa and in India and Sri Lanka. It has also experienced some success in the warmer parts of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand (McKenzie and Hay, 1996). Seed of the species has been very widely distributed for trial plantings...' (2) 'Saligna eucalyptus is native to the east coast of Australia from Bateman's Bay (lat. 36° S.) in southern New South Wales to the southeastern corner of Queensland (lat. 27° S.) (13).' | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/saligna.htm |
| 2.02 | (1)'List of countries with natural populations -Oceania, [Australia], New South Wales, Queensland. … Jacobs (1981) estimated that by the late 1970's at least half a million hectares of successful E. saligna plantations had been established outside of Australia and particularly in countries in South America and southern Africa and in India and Sri Lanka. It has also experienced some success in the warmer parts of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand (McKenzie and Hay, 1996). Seed of the species has been very widely distributed for trial plantings...' (2) 'Saligna eucalyptus is native to the east coast of Australia from Bateman's Bay (lat. 36° S.) in southern New South Wales to the southeastern corner of Queensland (lat. 27° S.) (13).' | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/saligna.htm |
| 2.03 |
- Altitude range: 0 - 2100 m - Mean annual rainfall: 700 - 1800 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; winter; bimodal; uniform - Dry season duration: 0 - 6 months - Mean annual temperature: 14 - 23ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 - 32ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 1 - 14ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -8ºC |
CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.04 | List of countries with natural populations -Oceania, [Australia], New South Wales, Queensland. … Jacobs (1981) estimated that by the late 1970's at least half a million hectares of successful E. saligna plantations had been established outside of Australia and particularly in countries in South America and southern Africa and in India and Sri Lanka. It has also experienced some success in the warmer parts of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand (McKenzie and Hay, 1996). Seed of the species has been very widely distributed for trial plantings...' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.05 | (1)'List of countries with natural populations -Oceania, [Australia], New South Wales, Queensland. … Jacobs (1981) estimated that by the late 1970's at least half a million hectares of successful E. saligna plantations had been established outside of Australia and particularly in countries in South America and southern Africa and in India and Sri Lanka. It has also experienced some success in the warmer parts of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand (McKenzie and Hay, 1996). Seed of the species has been very widely distributed for trial plantings...' (2)In the United States, it has been introduced into Florida, California, and Hawaii. In Hawaii it reproduces at the edges of planted stands. Although it was introduced into Hawaii in the late 1800's, the tree was not planted extensively until the 1960's, when it became the principal tree used for forestation. | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/saligna.htm |
| 3.01 | (1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2)Naturalzied in New Zealand. | (1)Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R. and Sohmer, S H. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Vol 1 Page 958. (2)Webb, C.J. et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. Vol IV. Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Singapore National Printers Limited. Page 862. |
| 3.02 | No evidence. | |
| 3.03 | No evidence. | |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | (1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/saligna.htm |
| 4.02 | (1)Allelopathic. (2)Abstract: The potential allelopathic effect of |