Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Eucalyptus platypus


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus platypus Hook.; round-leaved moort, Coastal moort

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

List of countries with natural populations: [Australia] Western Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

Distribution: 31.5-35 degree S, 116-120 degree E

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp. p.362

2.03

(1)"At Esperance the extreme summer temperature is 47.2 degree C with occasional days over 37.8 degree C and a winter extreme of -0.6 degreeC with an average of one to two frosts. In the inland occurrences there may be more frosts with some lower winter temperatures." (2)Suitable for moderate saline sites (3)From the coastal area of the Esperance Plains

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.58 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_platypus.htm (3)http://www.warrenvalleynursery.com.au/information1.htm

2.04

Distribution: 31.5-35 degree S, 116-120 degree E

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551 pp. p.362

2.05

(1) planted outside its native range in Australia, (2) cultivated in the San Francisco Bay area of Northern California

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.59
(2) Brennan, E. B.; Hrusa, G. F.; Weinbaum, S. A.; Levison, W., Jr. (2001) Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 2001, Vol.77, No.4, pp.249-253, 19 ref.

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

ET: The environmental weed risk of revegetation and forestry plants.
AU: Virtue, J. G.; Melland, R. L.
AA: Animal and Plant Control Commission, Land and Biodiversity Services, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, Soil and Water Environs Centre, Entry 4 Waite Road Urrbrae, GPO Box 2834, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
SO: Report - The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, 2003, No.2003-02, 182 pp., many ref.
AB: This report considers the environmental weed risk of a range of trees, shrubs and grasses which have been planted for use in broad scale rural revegetation and farm forestry in South Australia. The result of a weed risk assessment of 20 plant species in 2001 based on 3 criteria (invasiveness, impact and potential distribution) is presented. A comprehensive evidence is provided of the significant weed risk of some species (such as Pinus brutia, P. halepensis and P. radiata ) and also the minimal weed risk of others (including Eucalyptus globulus, E. g

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

no description of these traits

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.57

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical properties of Eucalyptus deter grazing

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1) Erysiphe cichoracearum [generalist]
(2) resistant to tolerant of Glycaspis brimblecombei

(1) Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y., Palm, M.E., & McCray, E.B. (n.d.) Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 19, 2004, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
(2) Brennan, E. B.; Hrusa, G. F.; Weinbaum, S. A.; Levison, W., Jr. (2001) Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 2001, Vol.77, No.4, pp.249-253, 19 ref.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

(1)Small tree, spreading limbs from a short trunk. (2)leathery leaves to close to ground (3)Eucalyptus forerst and are known for flammability, although the litters are flamable, climate and understory species also attribute to the fire.

(1)http://www.fiveacrenursery.com.au/detailtrees.htm (2)http://www.molestationnursery.com/plantdb/complete.asp (3)Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp

4.09

(1)Culture: Sun

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_platypus.htm

4.1

(1)"Ocurring naturally in heavy, grey, clay soil, in loamy flats or moist depressions, the moort will adapt to sandy soil in cultivation." (2)withstanding most soil types

(1)Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p.21 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_platypus.htm

4.11

"The moort can be a mallee 10-15 ft high, or more commonly a smal tree 20-30 ft high."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.57

4.12

"The moort can be a mallee (scrub growth form) 10-15 ft high, or more commonly a smal tree 20-30 ft high."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.57

5.01

"Ocurring naturally in heavy, grey, clay soil, in loamy flats or moist depressions, the moort will adapt to sandy soil in cultivation."

Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. p.21

5.02

tree, Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

produce viable seeds in native habitat

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.59

6.02

"Seeds will germinate in from one to three weeks"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.59

6.03

no evidence

6.04

AB: "It is concluded that ovule degeneration of E. spathulata and E. platypus following selfing resulted from low levels of pollen tube penetration and fertilization, and that in those ovules which were fertilized, the zygote generally failed to divide. "

Sedgley, M.; Granger, L. (1996) Embryology of Eucalyptus spathulata and E. platypus (Myrtaceae) following selfing, crossing and reciprocal interspecific pollination. Australian Journal of Botany, 1996, Vol.44, No.6, pp.661-671, 24 ref.

6.05

"Moort flowers have good pollen and produce a good honey flow." [cream flowers, insect syndrome]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.59

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)"Moort is a vigorous, fast-growing species, capable of growing to 25 ft (8m) in six years." (2)moderate to fast growth rate (3)Quick-growing, small, wide-crown shade tree [minimum estimate for a fast growing shrubby tree]

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.59 (2) http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_platypus.htm (3)http://www.downunderontop.com/plantlist.htm

7.01

no evidence

7.02

(1) planted outside its native range in Australia, (2) cultivated in the San Francisco Bay area of Northern California

(1) White, D. A.; Turner, N. C.; Galbraith, J. H. (2000) Leaf water relations and stomatal behavior of four allopatric Eucalyptus species planted in Mediterranean southwestern Australia. Tree Physiology, 2000, Vol.20, No.17, pp.1157-1165, 52 ref.
(2) Brennan, E. B.; Hrusa, G. F.; Weinbaum, S. A.; Levison, W., Jr. (2001) Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 2001, Vol.77, No.4, pp.249-253, 19 ref.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"Two samples have an average of 165 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seeds." [small wedge shapted seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.57

7.05

no evidence

7.06

fruit a woody capsule

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

"Two samples have an average of 165 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seeds." [probably yes, small seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.57

8.02

(1) "seed should germinate in one to three weeks"
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence of being controlled for

8.04

grows as a mallee with a "lignotuber" a modified root system and enables the plant to produce new shoots even after it has been destroyed above ground (generally by fire or cold)

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_Info.htm

8.05

no evidence


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