Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus microcorys
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Eucalyptus microcorys; Australian tallowwood |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
1 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
3 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
1 |
Supporting data:
Source |
Notes |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
no evidence |
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
2.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Natural latitude range |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2) www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_microcorys.htm (3)http://www.forests.qld.gov.au/qts/treetext.html (4)http://www.pfnq.com.au/Species%20Map.htm#tallow |
(1)Climate descriptors |
2.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Natural latitude range |
2.05 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
List of countries where planted |
3.01 |
no evidence |
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
3.05 |
Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." ) |
E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat) |
4.01 |
Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. |
no decription of these traits |
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. |
Keenan, D. M. (1986) Bark chewing by horses grazed on
irrigated pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1986, Vol.63, No.7,
pp.234-235, 4 ref. |
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
4.06 |
Mauchline, N. A.; Withers, T. M.; Wang, Q.; Davis, L. (1999) Life history and abundance of the Eucalyptus leafroller (Strepsicrates macropetana ). (Editor: O'Callaghan, M.) Proceedings of the Fifty Second New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Auckland Airport Centra, Auckland, New Zealand, 10-12 August, 1999, 1999, pp.108-112, 6 ref. |
AB: "S. macropetana has become a pest of increasing economic importance to young eucalyptus plantations in New Zealand."; "Of those five species (E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. microcorys, E. brookerana and E. saligna ) abundance was greater on trees without adult foliage." |
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
4.08 |
litter? |
|
4.09 |
(1)Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_microcorys.htm (3)http://www.gardenbed.com/E/1535.cfm (4)http://www.agroforester.com/futfor/multispecies.html (5)http://pppis.fao.org/ |
(1)"very tolerant of shade" [produces the most shade??] (2)Good species for full sun (3)Prefers a sunny position (4) Tolerant of partial shade (5)Tolerates light shade, at most. |
4.1 |
(1)Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/ |
(1)"found on a wide variety of soils, including poor, moist sands" (2)Soil texture medium |
4.11 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Eucalyptus microcorys is a medium-sized to tall forest tree often in the 30 to 50 m height range but occasionally reaching 70 m. |
4.12 |
no evidence |
|
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
5.02 |
tree; Myrtaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
5.04 |
tree |
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
6.02 |
Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. |
"although seeding is not always regular, regenerates well in its natural habitat." |
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
6.05 |
http://www.forests.qld.gov.au/qts/treetext.html |
pollen source for European bees |
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
6.07 |
www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_microcorys.htm |
Moderate growth rate [estimate from this description based on other Eucalyptus] |
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
7.02 |
a forestry species |
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
7.04 |
Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. |
p.72 "When the seed is shade from a tree, most falls onto the ground below the rown, although some seed may be carried by a fair distance away from the tree by wind. Ecause the height of the tree concerned and the lightness of the distance is sometimes quite appreciable." [Eucalyptus species in general] |
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
7.08 |
no evidence of ingestion |
|
8.01 |
Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. |
p.73 Eucalyptus spp. in general "100,000 - 400,000 seeds per kg." [very small seeds] |
8.02 |
(1)Penfold, A.R. and J.L. Willis. (1961) The Eucalypts: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill Limited, London, and Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 551pp. p.402. (2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/RM-4.pdf |
(1)p.70 "Light is notnecessary for the germination of E. microcorys", "In nature, the seeds shed by mature trees will germinate as soon as suitable conditions are attained. The period of germination for the majority of eucalypts is from ten to twenty days, provided temperature is sufficiently hot and adequate moistur is present." (2)Lacks recalcitrant seeds |
8.03 |
no evidence |
|
8.04 |
(1)Guinto, D. F.; House, A. P. N.; Xu ZhiHong; Saffigna, P. G. (1999) Impacts of repeated fuel reduction burning on tree growth, mortality and recruitment in mixed species eucalypt forests of southeast Queensland, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, Vol.115, No.1, pp.13-27, 36 ref. (2)Rajan, B. K. C.1983. The first Eucalyptus exotic plot in G.K.V.K. Myforest,19: .80-83 |
(1)"The diameter growth of E. pilularis , Corymbia intermedia [Eucalyptus intermedia ], E. microcorys and E. resinifera was not affected by either burning treatment. " (2)good coppice ability |
8.05 |
no evidence |
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This page updated 30 September 2005