Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus deglupta
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Eucalyptus deglupta; Indonesian gum |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
||
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
3 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
2 |
Supporting data:
Source |
Notes |
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
1.02 |
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. |
p.953 "In Hawaii, extensively planted on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii, and reproducing by seed in these areas " [apparently not spread beyond orginal planting, not listed as naturalized in any other floras outside of Hawaii] |
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
2.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Review of natural distribution |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
(1) All cateloged specimens were from below 1000 m
elevations [this species is always described as lowland tropical, riverside]
(2)Review of natural distribution |
2.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Review of natural distribution |
2.05 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Location of introductions |
3.01 |
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. |
p.953 "In Hawaii, extensively planted on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii, and reproducing by seed in these areas " [apparently not spread beyond orginal planting] |
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
3.05 |
Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." ) |
E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat) |
4.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
E. deglupta is a large tree, commonly 35-60 m high, 0.5-2.0
m diameter, occasionally reaching 80 m height and 3 m diameter. The bole is
typically straight, cylindrical and self-pruning, often clear of branches
for more than 75% of the total height. Buttressing to 3-4 m high is common
on individuals growing on unstable soils. |
4.02 |
Anwar, C. (1991) The effects of Eucalyptus allelopathy on the growth of Shorea palembanica seedlings. [FT: Pengaruh allelopati Eucalyptus terhadap pertumbuahn anakan Shorea palembanica .] Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 1991, No.545, pp.1-10, 11 ref. |
[results for lab only ] AB: Seedlings of Shorea palembanica were treated with extracts of fresh leaves, leaf litter and roots of 2 Eucalyptus spp. (E. alba and E. deglupta ). All the extracts inhibited seedling growth but those of fresh leaves were most inhibitory (allelopathic). |
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
4.04 |
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Depts/RSPAS/RMAP/casson.htm |
unpalatable to stock [Eucalyptus in general] |
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
4.06 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Protection |
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
4.08 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
[hazard only if it grows in thickets within a natural ecosystem, but no reports of this] "Fire should be excluded from plantations of this species." |
4.09 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"This eucalypt is shade intolerant. Full overhead light is required for development past the seedling stage (White and Cameron, 1965). The species will not reproduce under shade, only in natural or artificial openings. Where it finds suitable conditions it regenerates in huge numbers. This accounts for the species typically forming almost pure stands (Wormsley and McAdam, 1975)." |
4.1 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Soil and physiography |
4.11 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
E. deglupta is a large tree, commonly 35-60 m high, 0.5-2.0
m diameter, occasionally reaching 80 m height and 3 m diameter. The bole is
typically straight, cylindrical and self-pruning, often clear of branches
for more than 75% of the total height. Buttressing to 3-4 m high is common
on individuals growing on unstable soils. |
4.12 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Vegetation Types: |
5.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
terrestrial |
5.02 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
tree; Myrtaceae |
5.03 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
" It does not fix nitrogen. " |
5.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
tree |
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
6.02 |
Hendromono (1996) Germination capacity and rate of germination of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume seeds in medium of various particle sizes. [FT: Kapasitas dan kecepatan berkecambah benih Eucalyptus deglupta Blume pada berbagai ukuran butir medium. Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 1996, No.603, pp.19-25, 16 ref. |
AB: Growing medium particle size influences the total pore space, porosity to air and water retention. In this experiment the effect of 4 peat growing medium particle sizes (control or no sieving, and media sieved to give particle sizes of 4.8, 2.8 or 0.6 mm) were investigated on the germination of E. deglupta . Germination capacity and rate of germination were significantly affected by medium particle sizes, with higher germination capacity and rate at larger particle sizes. Peat medium with 20% of particles of diameter <0.6 mm, 46% of diameter 0.6-2.8 mm, 17% of diameter 2.8-4.8 mm and 17% of diameter 4.8-10 mm was suitable for germination of E. deglupta seeds. |
6.03 |
Siarot, P. T. (1986) Preliminary result of the development of genetically superior trees in genus Eucalyptus. Sylvatrop, 1986, Vol.11, No.3-4, pp.147-160, 5 ref. |
AB: Hybrids between 3 species (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. urophylla and E. pellita ) were produced in partial diallel crosses. Crosses of E. pellita with E. deglupta and E. urophylla gave superior hybrid combinations in terms of seedling height growth rates. |
6.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"Grafting by a patch method has been sufficiently successful for use in the establishment of clonal seed orchards" [should be self-compatible if clonal trees can be used to establish seed orchard] |
6.05 |
No evidence. |
|
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
6.07 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Flowering begins at an early age, usually within 3-4 years under plantation conditions, but sometimes as early as 9 months. [requires additonal 9 months for seed maturation] |
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
7.02 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
Location of introductions |
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
7.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"The seeds have a small wing which combined with their small size and light weight enables them to drift into nearby bare areas. Seeds have been reported to travel horizontally a distance equivalent to a little more than the height of the tree in a 10 km/h wind (Hillis and Brown, 1978)." |
7.05 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
This species is a pioneer on recently deposited sediments or gravels along streams |
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
7.08 |
no evidence |
|
8.01 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"Seeds minute (15,000- 18,000/g, of which 2000-4000/g viable), brown, flattened with a small terminal wing."; "Seed production is often profuse. Nine 10-year-old trees in Malaysia produced an average of 87 g of seed per tree in a single harvest (Bowen and Eusebio, 1982). " |
8.02 |
(1)http://www.idrc.ca/library/document/074940/chap8_e.html |
(1)Pioneering work on the longevity of eucalypt seed was
carried out by Ewart (1908). In tests of 81 seed lots, of ages ranging from
a few weeks to 57 years, representing 38 species and varieties, he found
that most of the eucalypts tested retained some viability for 20 years.
Similar studies by Hall (1914), Maiden (1903-33) and Grose and Zimmer (1958)
confirmed that seed of most eucalypt species stored dry in uncontrolled
conditions will retain much of their germination capacity for at least 10
years. BUT The seed of E.deglupta can deteriorate rapidly if stored at room
temperature and must be kept in air-tight containers at 3-5ºC. |
8.03 |
Lamb, D. 1975. Weed control in tropical forest plantations using glyphosate. PANS [Pest Articles and News Summaries] 21: 177-181 |
No damage to the crop trees (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. tereticornis) was observed. Glyphosate shows promise as a simple post-emergent herbicide for mixed weed populations. |
8.04 |
CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
"E. deglupta has the thinnest bark of all eucalypts and consequently the species is very susceptible to fire (Pryor, 1976)." |
8.05 |
Nelson, R. E.; Schubert, T. H. (1976) Adaptability of selected tree species planted in Hawaii forests. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1976, No.PSW-14, 22 pp., 55 ref. |
AB: Records kept by the Hawaii Division of Forestry were used to locate trees of 31 exotic species planted in Hawaii between 1908 and 1960. Examination in 1964-68 indicated that the following 9 species were well adapted to conditions in Hawaii: Albizia falcataria, Araucaria columnaris, Eucalyptus deglupta, Fraxinus uhdei, Grevillea robusta, Sequoia sempervirens, Swietenia macrophylla, S. mahagoni, and Toona ciliata australis. |
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