Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Eucalyptus deglupta


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus deglupta; Indonesian gum

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2


Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.953 "In Hawaii, extensively planted on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii, and reproducing by seed in these areas " [apparently not spread beyond orginal planting, not listed as naturalized in any other floras outside of Hawaii]

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Review of natural distribution
E. deglupta occurs between tropical latitudes 9°N and 11°S in a markedly discontinuous distribution through Mindanao (Philippines), Sulawesi, Ceram and Irian Jaya (Indonesia), and Papua New Guinea including New Britain (Ferguson, 1950; Davidson, 1973e; Turnbull, 1974; Cossalter, 1977; Eldridge et al., 1993). Some literature mentions natural occurrence of this species on New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), e.g. in Streets (1962), is erroneous; the mistake has been traced to a mis-labelled herbarium specimen. The best developed stands occur on riverine sites less than 150 m above sea level on the north coast of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea and near sea level in the Bislig Bay area of Mindanao, Philippines. The full range of altitude is from sea level to 2500 m.
Vegetation Types This species is a pioneer on recently deposited sediments or gravels along streams, and on fresh volcanic ash. Nearly pure stands of successive, even-aged classes are formed. Occasionally it forms mixt

2.02

2.03

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

(1) All cateloged specimens were from below 1000 m elevations [this species is always described as lowland tropical, riverside] (2)Review of natural distribution
E. deglupta occurs between tropical latitudes 9°N and 11°S in a markedly discontinuous distribution through Mindanao (Philippines), Sulawesi, Ceram and Irian Jaya (Indonesia), and Papua New Guinea including New Britain (Ferguson, 1950; Davidson, 1973e; Turnbull, 1974; Cossalter, 1977; Eldridge et al., 1993). Some literature mentions natural occurrence of this species on New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), e.g. in Streets (1962), is erroneous; the mistake has been traced to a mis-labelled herbarium specimen. The best developed stands occur on riverine sites less than 150 m above sea level on the north coast of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea and near sea level in the Bislig Bay area of Mindanao, Philippines. The full range of altitude is from sea level to 2500 m. [this must be extreme, for planted specimens only, not indicitave of abilitiy of populatio

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Review of natural distribution
E. deglupta occurs between tropical latitudes 9°N and 11°S in a markedly discontinuous distribution through Mindanao (Philippines), Sulawesi, Ceram and Irian Jaya (Indonesia), and Papua New Guinea including New Britain (Ferguson, 1950; Davidson, 1973e; Turnbull, 1974; Cossalter, 1977; Eldridge et al., 1993). Some literature mentions natural occurrence of this species on New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), e.g. in Streets (1962), is erroneous; the mistake has been traced to a mis-labelled herbarium specimen. The best developed stands occur on riverine sites less than 150 m above sea level on the north coast of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea and near sea level in the Bislig Bay area of Mindanao, Philippines. The full range of altitude is from sea level to 2500 m.
Vegetation Types This species is a pioneer on recently deposited sediments or gravels along streams, and on fresh volcanic ash. Nearly pure stands of successive, even-aged classes are formed. Occasionally it forms mixt

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Location of introductions
In addition to being planted in all three countries of its origin, E. deglupta has been planted as an exotic throughout the lowland humid tropics. Significant areas of plantation have been raised in Solomon Islands, Fiji, Western Samoa, Taiwan, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Honduras, Brazil, Cuba and Puerto Rico and other countries in Latin America as well as minor plantings in other countries such as Bangladesh (Barnard, 1953; Wadsworth, 1960; Streets, 1962; Grijpma, 1969; Goudet, 1974; Fenton et al., 1977; FAO, 1979; Figueroa and Whitmore, 1980; Ugalde, 1980; Acosta and Morejon, 1981; Woessner and Lopes, 1981; Batista et al., 1982; Chong and Jones, 1982; Davidson and Das, 1985; Navarro, 1985).
List of countries where planted
Asia: Bangladesh, [China] Hainan
Location of introductions
In addition to being planted in all three countries of its origin, E. deglupta has been planted as an exotic throughout the lowland humid tropics. Significant areas of plantation h

3.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp.

p.953 "In Hawaii, extensively planted on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii, and reproducing by seed in these areas " [apparently not spread beyond orginal planting]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

E. deglupta is a large tree, commonly 35-60 m high, 0.5-2.0 m diameter, occasionally reaching 80 m height and 3 m diameter. The bole is typically straight, cylindrical and self-pruning, often clear of branches for more than 75% of the total height. Buttressing to 3-4 m high is common on individuals growing on unstable soils.
Bark: a gum, smooth, 3-8 mm thick, exfoliating in strips of varying shape and size, leaving a smooth, white to pale green surface which ages through light green, green, grey, pink, red and orange to a deep purple, all colours mentioned being visible on different parts of the trunk simultaneously.
Foliage
Seedling leaves: opposite, thin, petiolate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, first 1-3 pairs 2-4 x 0.5-1.5 cm then 6-10 x 2.5-4.0 cm; lateral veins visible, very few, initially 40-50° to the midrib then curving to form the remote intra-marginal vein; upper surface light green to green, lower pale green to purplish.

4.02

Anwar, C. (1991) The effects of Eucalyptus allelopathy on the growth of Shorea palembanica seedlings. [FT: Pengaruh allelopati Eucalyptus terhadap pertumbuahn anakan Shorea palembanica .] Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 1991, No.545, pp.1-10, 11 ref.

[results for lab only ] AB: Seedlings of Shorea palembanica were treated with extracts of fresh leaves, leaf litter and roots of 2 Eucalyptus spp. (E. alba and E. deglupta ). All the extracts inhibited seedling growth but those of fresh leaves were most inhibitory (allelopathic).

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Depts/RSPAS/RMAP/casson.htm

unpalatable to stock [Eucalyptus in general]

4.05

no evidence

4.06

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Protection
There are several pests of E. deglupta. Damping off in germinating seedlings is controlled by good sanitation and heat sterilization of the media used in germination trays (White and Cameron, 1965). Two unidentified wood borers (the larvae of a hepialid moth and a cossid moth) are the two major insect pests in Sabah (Chong and Jones, 1982). These borers significantly reduce the value of trees as sawlogs. In Papua New Guinea, the larvae of a cossid moth, Zeuzera coffeae, bores into the cambium and sapwood of young trees, leaving them susceptible to breakage by wind, 3% of trees in one plantation were reported to be affected (FAO, 1979). In New Britain, losses of up to 40% of the seedlings in unprotected plantations have been inflicted by a giant snail (Achatina fulica) that eats the bark, and seedlings may snap off under their weight. The snails can be controlled by surrounding seedlings with cardboard rings soaked in metaldehyde (Heather, 1955; White and Cameron, 1965). Termites are also severe pes

4.07

no evidence

4.08

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

[hazard only if it grows in thickets within a natural ecosystem, but no reports of this] "Fire should be excluded from plantations of this species."

4.09

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"This eucalypt is shade intolerant. Full overhead light is required for development past the seedling stage (White and Cameron, 1965). The species will not reproduce under shade, only in natural or artificial openings. Where it finds suitable conditions it regenerates in huge numbers. This accounts for the species typically forming almost pure stands (Wormsley and McAdam, 1975)."

4.1

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Soil and physiography
E. deglupta grows best on deep, moderately fertile sandy loams, but it also grows on volcanic ash and gravelly soils as well as on some limestone-derived soils (pH 6-7.5) (Davidson, 1973e; Turnbull, 1974; Wormsley and McAdam, 1975). The species can be found growing in its native areas from sea level to 2500 m elevation (Davidson, 1973e; Boland et al., 1977). The best stands develop on river terraces and alluvial banks less than 150 m above sea level (Davidson, 1973e). Free draining soil is required (Lama, 1976). On poor soils and at higher elevations, the trees are much slower growing. E. deglupta often colonizes new alluvial deposits, landslide areas and freshly deposited volcanic ash (Davidson, 1973e; Heather, 1955). In the Congo it is reported to grow better on the heavy clays of Loudima than on the infertile free-draining ochreous sands at Pointe-Noire. In the Solomon Islands the main soils planted with E. deglupta are deep, weathered volcanic clay soils of low nutrient status, but

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

E. deglupta is a large tree, commonly 35-60 m high, 0.5-2.0 m diameter, occasionally reaching 80 m height and 3 m diameter. The bole is typically straight, cylindrical and self-pruning, often clear of branches for more than 75% of the total height. Buttressing to 3-4 m high is common on individuals growing on unstable soils.
Bark: a gum, smooth, 3-8 mm thick, exfoliating in strips of varying shape and size, leaving a smooth, white to pale green surface which ages through light green, green, grey, pink, red and orange to a deep purple, all colours mentioned being visible on different parts of the trunk simultaneously.
Foliage: Seedling leaves: opposite, thin, petiolate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, first 1-3 pairs 2-4 x 0.5-1.5 cm then 6-10 x 2.5-4.0 cm; lateral veins visible, very few, initially 40-50° to the midrib then curving to form the remote intra-marginal vein; upper surface light green to green, lower pale green to purplish.

4.12

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Vegetation Types:
This species is a pioneer on recently deposited sediments or gravels along streams, and on fresh volcanic ash. Nearly pure stands of successive, even-aged classes are formed. Occasionally it forms mixtures with Octomeles sumatrana, another aggressive, riverine pioneer species. E. deglupta borders on lowland tropical rain forest. As stands pass maturity, they are invaded by primary rain forest species such as Pometia pinnata, Dracontomelum mangiferum, Homalium sp., Celtis sp. and Pterocarpus indicus (Heather, 1955; Davidson 1973e).

5.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

terrestrial

5.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

tree; Myrtaceae

5.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

" It does not fix nitrogen. "

5.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Hendromono (1996) Germination capacity and rate of germination of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume seeds in medium of various particle sizes. [FT: Kapasitas dan kecepatan berkecambah benih Eucalyptus deglupta Blume pada berbagai ukuran butir medium. Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 1996, No.603, pp.19-25, 16 ref.

AB: Growing medium particle size influences the total pore space, porosity to air and water retention. In this experiment the effect of 4 peat growing medium particle sizes (control or no sieving, and media sieved to give particle sizes of 4.8, 2.8 or 0.6 mm) were investigated on the germination of E. deglupta . Germination capacity and rate of germination were significantly affected by medium particle sizes, with higher germination capacity and rate at larger particle sizes. Peat medium with 20% of particles of diameter <0.6 mm, 46% of diameter 0.6-2.8 mm, 17% of diameter 2.8-4.8 mm and 17% of diameter 4.8-10 mm was suitable for germination of E. deglupta seeds.

6.03

Siarot, P. T. (1986) Preliminary result of the development of genetically superior trees in genus Eucalyptus. Sylvatrop, 1986, Vol.11, No.3-4, pp.147-160, 5 ref.

AB: Hybrids between 3 species (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. urophylla and E. pellita ) were produced in partial diallel crosses. Crosses of E. pellita with E. deglupta and E. urophylla gave superior hybrid combinations in terms of seedling height growth rates.

6.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Grafting by a patch method has been sufficiently successful for use in the establishment of clonal seed orchards" [should be self-compatible if clonal trees can be used to establish seed orchard]

6.05

No evidence.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits: Terminal or axillary panicles 5-20 x 5-18 cm, umbels 5-7 flowered; peduncles terete or slightly angular, 0.5-1.0 cm long; pedicels about 5 mm long, young buds small, green, with double opercula, developed buds pale green or cream, globular, apiculate, 0.2-0.4 x 0.2-0.5 mm, operculum hemispherical, apiculate and wider than long; flowers with many white to pale yellow or cream stamens 2-10 mm long, strongly reflexed in the unopened bud, anther dehiscing by separate slits.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Flowering begins at an early age, usually within 3-4 years under plantation conditions, but sometimes as early as 9 months. [requires additonal 9 months for seed maturation]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Location of introductions
In addition to being planted in all three countries of its origin, E. deglupta has been planted as an exotic throughout the lowland humid tropics. Significant areas of plantation have been raised in Solomon Islands, Fiji, Western Samoa, Taiwan, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Honduras, Brazil, Cuba and Puerto Rico and other countries in Latin America as well as minor plantings in other countries such as Bangladesh (Barnard, 1953; Wadsworth, 1960; Streets, 1962; Grijpma, 1969; Goudet, 1974; Fenton et al., 1977; FAO, 1979; Figueroa and Whitmore, 1980; Ugalde, 1980; Acosta and Morejon, 1981; Woessner and Lopes, 1981; Batista et al., 1982; Chong and Jones, 1982; Davidson and Das, 1985; Navarro, 1985).
List of countries where planted
Asia: Bangladesh [China] Hainan
Location of introductions: In addition to being planted in all three countries of its origin, E. deglupta has been planted as an exotic throughout the lowland humid tropics. Significant areas of plantation h

7.03

no evidence

7.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Hillis WE, Brown AG, 1978. Eucalypts for wood production. Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

"The seeds have a small wing which combined with their small size and light weight enables them to drift into nearby bare areas. Seeds have been reported to travel horizontally a distance equivalent to a little more than the height of the tree in a 10 km/h wind (Hillis and Brown, 1978)."

7.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Hillis WE, Brown AG, 1978. Eucalypts for wood production. Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

This species is a pioneer on recently deposited sediments or gravels along streams

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Seeds minute (15,000- 18,000/g, of which 2000-4000/g viable), brown, flattened with a small terminal wing."; "Seed production is often profuse. Nine 10-year-old trees in Malaysia produced an average of 87 g of seed per tree in a single harvest (Bowen and Eusebio, 1982). "

8.02

(1)http://www.idrc.ca/library/document/074940/chap8_e.html
(2) Ramilo, V. G. (1992) Effect of frequency and length of exposure to room condition on the germinative capacity of cold-stored bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) seeds. Sylvatrop, 1992, Vol.2, No.1, pp.73-80, 11 ref.

(1)Pioneering work on the longevity of eucalypt seed was carried out by Ewart (1908). In tests of 81 seed lots, of ages ranging from a few weeks to 57 years, representing 38 species and varieties, he found that most of the eucalypts tested retained some viability for 20 years. Similar studies by Hall (1914), Maiden (1903-33) and Grose and Zimmer (1958) confirmed that seed of most eucalypt species stored dry in uncontrolled conditions will retain much of their germination capacity for at least 10 years. BUT The seed of E.deglupta can deteriorate rapidly if stored at room temperature and must be kept in air-tight containers at 3-5ºC.
(2) AB: Cold-stored bagras seeds were subjected to 3 exposure frequencies (once every 1 or 2 days, or twice every day) for 4 exposure times (2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes) under room conditions for one month. Regardless of frequency, exposure of cold-stored bagras seeds to room conditions significantly reduced germinative capacity. Significant reduction occurred when the see

8.03

Lamb, D. 1975. Weed control in tropical forest plantations using glyphosate. PANS [Pest Articles and News Summaries] 21: 177-181

No damage to the crop trees (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. tereticornis) was observed. Glyphosate shows promise as a simple post-emergent herbicide for mixed weed populations.

8.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Pryor LD, (1976). Biology of eucalypts. Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology 61. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. 1976, v + 82 pp.; B.

"E. deglupta has the thinnest bark of all eucalypts and consequently the species is very susceptible to fire (Pryor, 1976)."

8.05

Nelson, R. E.; Schubert, T. H. (1976) Adaptability of selected tree species planted in Hawaii forests. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1976, No.PSW-14, 22 pp., 55 ref.

AB: Records kept by the Hawaii Division of Forestry were used to locate trees of 31 exotic species planted in Hawaii between 1908 and 1960. Examination in 1964-68 indicated that the following 9 species were well adapted to conditions in Hawaii: Albizia falcataria, Araucaria columnaris, Eucalyptus deglupta, Fraxinus uhdei, Grevillea robusta, Sequoia sempervirens, Swietenia macrophylla, S. mahagoni, and Toona ciliata australis.


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