Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Erythrina sigmoidea


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Erythrina sigmoidea Hua Family - Fabaceae . Common Names(s) - FULA-PULAAR. Synonym(s) - Erythrina eriotricha Harms, Erythrina sudanica Baker f., Erythrina dybowskii Hua .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Africa: Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo.

(1) http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1751.shtml [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

2.02

2.03

Unknown

2.04

(1) Native to Africa: Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo.

(1) http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1751.shtml [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

2.05

No evidence

3.01

Unknown

3.02

Unknown

3.03

Unknown

3.04

Unknown

3.05

(1) Erythrina crista-galli is considered invasive in Australia

(1) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119951403/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

4.01

(1) Armed with stout recurved prickles.

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

4.02

No evidence

4.03

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi

4.04

(1) Palatable to grazing animals. (2) Erythrina foliage is considered good fodder for ruminants.

(1) http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Browse_in_Africa/Chapter9.htm#P26_3139 (2) http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.5&d=HASH9df30f6b1bafed24b6fd8d.1&gt=2 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

4.05

(1) Palatable to grazing animals.

(1) http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Browse_in_Africa/Chapter9.htm#P26_3139 (2) http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.5&d=HASH9df30f6b1bafed24b6fd8d.1&gt=2 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

4.06

No evidence

4.07

No evidence (1) Has ethnobotanical uses in Africa.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=fhIo3Dfz-l0C&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=erythrina+sigmoidea+%2B+%22fire%22&source=web&ots=Vz1ZcYyhNS&sig=
c1hJuY1OWkDDAHrPjH1ATmAGtW4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

Unknown (1) Native habitat is savannahs with rocky soils.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=fhIo3Dfz-l0C&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=erythrina+sigmoidea+%2B+%22fire%22&source=web&ots=Vz1ZcYyhNS&sig=
c1hJuY1OWkDDAHrPjH1ATmAGtW4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1) Small tree

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.
PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Small tree

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.
PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

5.02

(1) Small tree

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.
PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

5.03

(1) Fabaceae

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.
PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

5.04

(1) Small tree

(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.
PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ERYTHRINA.SIGMOIDEA&tab=species.info [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) E. sigmoidea was grown at the National Tropical Botanical Garden from seed collected from India.

(1) http://ntbg.org/herbarium/detail.php?tempid=5534

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) Erythrina species are self-compatible.

(1) http://www.jstor.org/pss/2399377 [Accessed 208 Dec 11]. Neill, D. A. (1988). "Experimental Studies on Species Relationships in Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75(3): 886-969.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by perching birds of the order Passeriformes.

(1) Bruneau, A. (1997). "Evolution and Homology of Bird Pollination Syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)." American Journal of Botany 84(1): 54-71.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1) The fruit is a pod, 7-10 cm long with 3-5 smooth, ovoid, red seeds, 6-7 mm long.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=fhIo3Dfz-l0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=erythrina+sigmoidea+%2B+%22fire%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

7.02

Unknown, however there has been numerous pharmacological studies on this species. (1)Two flavanones were isolated from E. sigmoides exhibiting significant antibacterial activity against Grampostive bacteria. (2) Pharmacological research on isoflavanone and coumestan derived from E. sigmoidea.

(1) http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=
ENV&recid=613789&q=&uid=793067826&setcookie=yes [Accessed 2008 Dec 12}. (2) http://www.fao.org/agris/search/display.do?f=./1995/v2125/GB9511903.xml;GB9511903 [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

7.03

Not an economic output.

7.04

No adaptations for wind dispersal. (1) The fruit is a pod, 7-10 cm long with 3-5 smooth, ovoid, red seeds, 6-7 mm long.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=fhIo3Dfz-l0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=erythrina+sigmoidea+%2B+%22fire%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

7.05

Unknown, however several species are know to be adapted to water dispersal. (1) E. variegata is capable of long-distance water dispersal.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=sU7213gPmDMC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=
Erythrina+%2B+%22water+dispersal%22&source=web&ots=7VfPZRmjBP&sig=Ne-NR4JZFXsHb1CNWttLgYqESeI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

7.06

Based on evidence from other species in the genera. (1) E. humeana's seeds are dispersed by birds (2) The brightly colored seeds revealed when pods break open are probably dispersed by birds. (3) E. caffra seeds are dispersed by birds.

(1) http://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/ERYhu.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 11]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=XqJrpbZOchIC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=
erythrina++%2B+%22dispersal%22&source=web&ots=PPYMJFsOjT&sig=LCYLkiLkd7QET-Qk8X00VbhkvoM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA154,M1 [Accessed 2008 Dec 11]. (3) http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/erythrinacaff.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 12].

7.07

No adaptations for attachment. (1) The fruit is a pod, 7-10 cm long with 3-5 smooth, ovoid, red seeds, 6-7 mm long.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=fhIo3Dfz-l0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=erythrina+sigmoidea+%2B+%22fire%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

7.08

(1) With thick impervious seed coats, Erythrina seeds could pass through the digestive tracks of mammals and birds.

(1) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/coraltr1.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 11].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1) Seeds of most species can be stored for several years retaining a high degree of viability. Species with hard coats should be scarified.

http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0--0-
10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.5&d=HASH9df30f6b1bafed24b6fd8d.1&gt=2 [Accessed 2008Dec 12].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Farmers all over the world use Erythrina species as live fence posts. Live fence post can provide cuttings for additional fence posts.

(1) http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0--0-
10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.5&d=HASH9df30f6b1bafed24b6fd8d.1&gt=2 [Accessed 2008 Dce 12].

8.05

Unknown


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