Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 6
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
Erythrina corallodendron, Coral bean tree, coronation tree, devil's tree [Synonym: Erythrina corallodendrum L. [Orthographic] [1915] |
Answer |
||
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
y |
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
3 |
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
Total score: |
6 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Source |
|
1.01 |
No evidence |
|
1.02 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
2.01 |
(1) List of countries with natural populations: Caribbean:
Haiti; Jamaica |
(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2.02 |
(1) List of countries with natural populations: Caribbean:
Haiti; Jamaica |
(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global
Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
2.03 |
(1)Rare in southern coast and lower Cordillera forest of Puerto Rico 100-500 feet, mostly in dry areas [native] (2)Mostly dry districts at lower elevations; thicket and rocky hillsides (3)Rather common in woodlands and thickets |
(1)Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. (2)Lioger, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. (3)Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Mona |
2.04 |
(1)Erythrina - 'A genus of 115 species distributed throughout the tropics and warm temperate regions.' (2) Ditributed in Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Indian Ocean and South America. |
(1)Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R, Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manula of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. (2)http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1722.shtml |
2.05 |
(1) Distributional range: |
(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm
Resources Information Network - (GRIN) |
3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
3.05 |
AB: The control of streambank weeds in Australia is
reviewed. Topics discussed include: the need to control exotic plants;
problems of erosion as a consequence; a case study example of Salix spp. on
the Nambucca River, New South Wales; problems caused by invasion of camphor
laurel [Cinnamomum camphora ], Gleditsia tri[a]canthos, Erythrina
crista-galli, Tamarix aphylla and Rubus discolor ; and an outline of
management methods. |
Sainty, G. (1995) Streambank weeds. Better planning for better weed management. Proceedings of the 8th biennial noxious weeds conference, Goulburn, NSW, Australia, 19-21 September 1995: volume 1., 1995, pp.85-86
|
4.01 |
"Erythrina corallodendron, Lin., a medium sized spiny leguminous tree of tropical America," |
http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/journals/ajp1881/07-gleanings.html |
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
4.04 |
Don’t know |
|
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.06 |
The following fungi were listed to be associated with E.
corallodendron: Meliola bicornis: Trinidad & Tobago - 5833, 5833, 8557, 8557
|
(2) Mendel, Z.; Blumberg, D.; Assael, F. (1988) Biological control of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, on ornamental plants in Israel. Hassadeh, 1988, Vol.69, No.2, pp.350-351, 7 ref. (3) http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit/cottony_cushion_scale.htm |
4.07 |
(1)"The wood of this tropical American tree is noted as injurious from a content of alkaloid (Hausen 1970)." [interior wood not likely to be encountered by public] (2)Seeds poison [may be attractive to children?] |
(1)http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html (2)Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. |
4.08 |
a deciduous tree [not recognized as forming thickets] |
http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/LEISURE/LP/gc/plantphoto/tree/ercoc.htm |
4.09 |
Don’t know |
|
4.1 |
grows on rough limestone |
Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Mona |
4.11 |
Not climbing |
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1722.shtml |
4.12 |
Rather common in woodlands and thickets [implies that it could grow densely and it has prickles. |
Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Mona |
5.01 |
Terrestrial |
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1722.shtml |
5.02 |
Shrub/Tree |
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1722.shtml |
5.03 |
on the list of "Nitrogen Fixing Trees and Shrubs" |
http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/nftlist.htm |
5.04 |
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/1722.shtml |
|
6.01 |
deciduous shrub having racemes of deep scarlet-red flowers and black-spotted red seeds |
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Erythrina%20corallodendrum |
6.02 |
bright red seeds |
http://www.mayacalendar.com/mayadivination8.htm |
6.03 |
(1) 'A specimen from a cultivated tee in Okinawa, T. satio in 1918 -KAG, was labelled E. corallodendron L. (Sangoshta - coral prickly Paulownia). The American student of this genus, B. A. Kurkoff has determined it as X E. bidwilli (E. berbacea X E. crista-galli) in Edwards Boy Reg. 33 pl 9 1847. This probably reflects the great variability in the plants of this commonly cultivated genus, perhaps due to generations of hybridizing in cultivation. The precise naming of such mixed cultivated plants is meaningless without critical study of many well documented specimens.' (2)Most Erythrina spp. are ecologically separated, even when occurring in the same geographical region. Hybrids, however, occur frequently in cultivation, as there appear to be no barriers to interspecific hybridization. |
(1)Walker E.H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. (2)Prosea online. http://www.proseanet.org/dbtw-prosea/eprosea/textfile/index.cfm |
6.04 |
"The pendulous flowers are scentless, strong and elastic, so constructed that cross-pollination is universal, and are typically pollinated by birds, particularly by passerines such as Chloropsis species and crows. They visit the flowers in the morning collecting the copious nectar. " [description of the genus; cross-pollinated between flowers but no evidence of self-incompatability] |
Dasuki, U.A., 2002. Erythrina L.. [Internet] Record number 1079 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 22 January 2004.
|
6.05 |
This distinction is exemplified in Bruneau's (10) investigation of passerine and hummingbird pollination in Erythrina. Similar phylogenies were obtained from morphological and molecular approaches. Passerine pollination is the ancestral condition in Erythrina, with four hypothesized transitions to hummingbird pollination. Transitions to hummingbird pollination involve shifts from horizontal to upright inflorescences, secund flowers to flowers radially arranged along the inflorescence axis, and standard petals that are open and expose the reproductive structures to standard petals that are folded to form a pseudotube. [description of the genus] |
Stephen G. Weller and Ann K. Sakai (1999) Using phylogenetic approaches for the analysis of plant breeding system evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Nov 1999, Vol. 30, pp. 167-199 http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.167;jsessionid=jwYn6tPcrTf4 |
6.06 |
No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild |
|
6.07 |
small tree to 25 ft high [minimum estimate for a small tree of dry habitats] |
Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. |
7.01 |
No evidence; bright red seeds |
|
7.02 |
Planted as an ornamental in the tropics |
Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. |
7.03 |
Seeds strung into necklaces |
Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. |
7.04 |
a legume in Fabaceae. In the genus Erythrina - 'Pods subligneous, chartaceous, or fleshy, rarely aculeate or winged, oftern deeply constricted between the seeds and monilifrom. Seeds red, particolored (red and black), or brown, usually firm and smooth.' |
Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R, Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manula of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. |
7.05 |
(2) "The seeds may float long distances in the sea." [description of the genus] (3) on the list of "PLANTS FOR SHORELINES AND DUNES IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN" |
(2) http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/SeedlistE.htm (3) http://www.cep.unep.org/issues/sanddunes.PDF |
7.06 |
bright red seeds |
http://www.mayacalendar.com/mayadivination8.htm |
7.07 |
no means of attachment |
|
7.08 |
bird dispersal (mimetic seeds) |
|
8.01 |
(1) Several seeds per pod (2)Based on photo, roughly 4-10 seeds per pod |
(1) Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. (2)http://www.smkb.ac.il/aha/content/projects/plants_sem/erythrina_corallodendrum/sum/sum.files/image002.jpg |
8.02 |
hard seeded legume. |
http://www.mayacalendar.com/mayadivination8.htm |
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
8.04 |
Cultivated as a living fence [tolerates heavy pruning] |
Little et al. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Washington DC. |
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
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