Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Elaeodendron orientale (syn. Cassine orientale); false olive, olivewood

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassine+orientalis (09 October 2003)

Native Distributional range:
Africa: Mauritius [incl. Rodriguez]; Reunion

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassine+orientalis (09 October 2003) (2)http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/Country%20Data/Reunion/resource2.html (3)Baker, J.G. 1877. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. L. Reeve and Co. London.

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassine+orientalis (09 October 2003)

Native Distributional range:
Africa: Mauritius [incl. Rodriguez]; Reunion

2.05

(1) http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf (2) http://www.hkherbarium.net/herbarium/PDF/Chi%20part3_Dicots_Fam160_323.pdf

(1) Hawaii (2) Hong Kong

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf

False olive (Elaeodendron orientale)
False olive has a mature height of 35 ft, and a 35-foot wide, rounded head. Leaves are a rich, dark green. Small, non-showy flowers are produced from summer to fall, maturing to greenish-yellow, inedible fruits that resemble true olives.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermC/CELA.html

Elaeodendron orientale Jacq. Olive Plum "Olive wood" noted as a cause of irritation by Legge (1907) was identified as an Elaeodendron Jacq. f. species by Smith (1920b), possibly incorrectly. According to Woods & Calnan (1976), the olive wood referred to may have been derived from Olea L. fam. Oleaceae.

4.08

http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/Country%20Data/Reunion/resource2.html

"species in common with low-altitude moist forest, such as Mimusops maxima and Elaeodendron orientale."

4.09

http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf

"False olive will grow in full sun or partial shade"

4.1

http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf

False olive will grow in sandy to clayey soils. It is not drought or salt tolerant, and wind tolerance is medium.

4.11

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Celastraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/acchtml.pl?1518135 (09 October 2003)

one seed accession was preserved

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ela_ori.jpg

flowers don't show traits adapt to specialist pollinator

6.06

no evidence [tree]

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:RknePBUh_5MJ:perso.guetali.fr/
natural/nbga_li.htm+Elaeodendron+orientale&hl=zh-TW&ie=UTF-8

sold as an oramental

7.03

http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf

inedible fruits that resemble true olives. [large fruit]

7.04

large fleshy fruit

7.05

no evidence

7.06

maturing to greenish-yellow, inedible fruits that resemble true olives. [fleshy fruit]

7.07

large fleshy fruit

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

large fleshy fruit

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-5.pdf

Its roots are non-aggressive.

8.05

no evidence