Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Elaeocarpus angustifolius (E. grandis; E. sphaericus ); blue marbletree, silver/blue quandong

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Woodcock, D. W.; Santos, G. dos; Taylor, D. (2000) The buttressed blue marble tree: wood and growth characteristics of Elaeocarpus angustifolius (Elaeocarpaceae). Annals of Botany, 2000, Vol.85, No.1, pp.1-6, 40 ref.

p2. "Elaeocarpus angustifloius was palnted on a limited basis on the Island of Oahu in the 1930s, and has subsequently become naturalized in the immediate vicinity of the plantation."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural latitude range
Approximate limits north to south: 20°N to 31°S
List of countries with natural populations
Asia: India, [Indonesia] Irian Jaya, Philippines
Oceania: [Australia] Australian Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

2.02

2.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Distribution is mainly within the warm humid climatic zone in the south and the warm humid and hot humid winter-dry zones in the north."
"Approximate limits north to south: 20°N to 31°S"
Climate descriptors:
- Altitude range: 0 - 800 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 3500 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer
- Dry season duration: 0 - 7 months
- Mean annual temperature: 11 - 30ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 28 - 33ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 5 - 18ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: -5 - 8ºC (2)A fairly common riverine tree occurring usually as a dominant tree on the moist alluvial flats and gullies in lowland subtropical rainforest.

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural latitude range
Approximate limits north to south: 20°N to 31°S
List of countries with natural populations
Asia: India, [Indonesia] Irian Jaya, Philippines
Oceania: [Australia] Australian Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

2.05

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/E-grand.htm

List of countries where planted: India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, USA:Hawaii

3.01

(1)Woodcock, D. W.; Santos, G. dos; Taylor, D. (2000) The buttressed blue marble tree: wood and growth characteristics of Elaeocarpus angustifolius (Elaeocarpaceae). Annals of Botany, 2000, Vol.85, No.1, pp.1-6, 40 ref. (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000 Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland

(1)p2. "Elaeocarpus angustifloius was palnted on a limited basis on the Island of Oahu in the 1930s, and has subsequently become naturalized in the immediate vicinity of the plantation." (2) "In some places it becomes invasive in native forests apparently being spread by pigeons" (no further details given)

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

E. angustifolius is a tall tree attaining 35 m in height and stem diameter up to 2 m, with an open, graceful crown. The trunk has large buttresses with grey, rather smooth bark with longitudinal fissures. Distribution is mainly within the warm humid climatic zone in the south and the warm humid and hot humid winter-dry zones in the north. A fairly common riverine tree occurring usually as a dominant tree on the moist, alluvial flats and gullies in a variety of well-developed lowland subtropical rainforests. It grows well in moist soils usually derived from alluvia, but may occasionally occur on krasnozem soils derived from basalts. Favoured by disturbance, it is fast-growing, flowers and fruits profusely; it requires heavy and continuous rainfall. It is a highly ornamental species with fruit that have an edible flesh and pitted seeds used for necklaces or as Chinese checkers. Propagation is mainly from cuttings, as the seed is difficult to germinate.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Zhou ZiGui; Luo FuYu; Zhou XueChang; Zheng LinShui; Liu WenHao; Wang GengShou; Fu QuanYan; Zhou ZhaoHeng; Xu YingShan; Yang YouPing. 1996. Study on the fire resistance of 23 tree species. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology.16:16-24 .

Probably not. Elaeocarpus decipiens was identified as fire-resistant

4.09

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html> (2)http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/forestryabstracts/phdabstract/westrup1993.htm

(1)"Prefer full sun" (2)species were grown within the glasshouse, under shade frames that provided 30% 20% or 10% of external irradiance.

4.1

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

- Soil texture: medium; heavy
- Soil drainage: free; impeded
- Soil reaction: acid
"A fairly common riverine tree occurring usually as a dominant tree on the moist, alluvial flats and gullies in a variety of well-developed lowland subtropical rainforests. It grows well in moist soils usually derived from alluvia, but may occasionally occur on krasnozem soils derived from basalts."

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

E. angustifolius is a tall tree attaining 35 m in height and stem diameter up to 2 m, with an open, graceful crown. The trunk has large buttresses with grey, rather smooth bark with longitudinal fissures. Distribution is mainly within the warm humid climatic zone in the south and the warm humid and hot humid winter-dry zones in the north. A fairly common riverine tree occurring usually as a dominant tree on the moist, alluvial flats and gullies in a variety of well-developed lowland subtropical rainforests. It grows well in moist soils usually derived from alluvia, but may occasionally occur on krasnozem soils derived from basalts. Favoured by disturbance, it is fast-growing, flowers and fruits profusely; it requires heavy and continuous rainfall. It is a highly ornamental species with fruit that have an edible flesh and pitted seeds used for necklaces or as Chinese checkers. Propagation is mainly from cuttings, as the seed is difficult to germinate.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial tree

5.02

tree; Elaeocarpaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Propagation is mainly from cuttings, as the seed is difficult to germinate.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/E-grand.htm (2)Castro, I.; Robertson, A. W.1997. Honeyeaters and the New Zealand forest flora: the utilisation and profitability of small flowers. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 21:169-179.

Flowers: Greenish white, not scented, in racemes arising from the (1)branchlets at the scars of fallen leaves, 5-10 cm long. Flowers about 25 mm long including stalks, often turned to one side giving a one sided pendulous appearance, five petals and sepals. Flowering period March to June and also December. (2)similar small flowers of Elaeocarpus dentatus were generally thought to be entomophilous

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

large seed

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries where planted: India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, USA:Hawaii

7.03

no evidence

7.04

large fleshy fruit

7.05

http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/E-grand.htm

A fairly common riverine tree occurring usually as a dominant tree on the moist alluvial flats and gullies in lowland subtropical rainforest. [don't know if fruits are water dispered]

7.06

(1)Osunkoya, O. O. (1994) Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology, 1994, Vol.19, No.1, pp.52-64, 49 ref. (2)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/apolnews/news33.html (3)Lee, D.W. 1998. The biology of Rudraksha. Current Science 75: 26-30.

p.55 Table 1. "Dispersal vector: mammal" (2)With E.angustifolius fruit the flesh must be removed so that the germination inhibitors are also removed. This would occur in the wild in this species by the fruit being eaten by cassowaries (3)Dispersed by cassowaries, pigeons, and mammals

7.07

Osunkoya, O. O. (1994) Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology, 1994, Vol.19, No.1, pp.52-64, 48 ref.

p.55 Table 0. "Dispersal vector: mammal" (no information on whether the seeds are carried externally)

7.08

Osunkoya, O. O. (1994) Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology, 1994, Vol.19, No.1, pp.52-64, 49 ref.

p.55 Table 1. "Dispersal vector: mammal" [It doesn't have barbs or spines, but have fleshy pulp and very hardendocarp that encourage mammal dispersal but not being digested]

8.01

Large fruits about 1 inch in diam., one large seed/fruit

8.02

(1) Coode, M. J. E. (1984) Elaeocarpus in Australia and New Zealand. Kew Bulletin, 1984, Vol.39, No.3, pp.509-586, 29 ref.
(2) Osunkoya, O. O. (1994) Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology, 1994, Vol.19, No.1, pp.52-64, 49 ref. (3)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/apolnews/news33.html

(1) AB: "In experiments, only 8% of E. angustifolius seeds germinated after 12 months" (lab conditinos, none after 22 months)
(2) p.55 Table 1. "germination period: delayed" (3)forward planning is essential with Elaeocarpus propagation. Seed should be sown 6months - 3yrs in advance of requirement.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence