Dolichos lablab. Common names- lablab bean, hyacinth bean, Egyptian Bean, Pharao Bean, Bonavist Bean, Chinese flowering Bean, Shink Bean, Val Bean, Wild Field Bean, and Indian Bean. Synonym-Dolichos purpureus L. (basionym), Lablab leucocarpos Savi, Lablab niger Medik., (previously associated with 3 accessions), Lablab vulgaris Savi, Family - Fabaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

-1

Notes

Reference

1.01

(1)Hyacinth bean has been cultivated and widely disseminated throughout Asia for cunturies, and its place of origin is speculative at best. (2)Several cultivars have been selected including some with white flowers and pale green pods; some with red flowers; some with long, thin cylindrical pods; and some dwarf forms. Some cultivars are grown primarily for the pods, some for the seeds, and some for roots. Some are day length neutral and some flower mainly as day length shortens. [In spite of being a domesticated speceis no evidence that the wild and cultivated plants are ecologically different].

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Pg 318. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)"It is believed that Dolichos lablab, the lablab bean, originated in Asia, but it is now grown for food throughout much of the world." (2)"Origin: Asia or maybe tropical Africa."

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Dolichos_lablab.html

2.02

"Hyacinth bean has been cultivated and widely disseminated throughout Asia for centuries, and its place or origin is speculative at best."

Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 318.

2.03

(1)"In frost free areas the vine becomes woody and can reach more than 30 ft (9 m) in length. In zones 9 and colder, the vine remains herbaceous and rarely exceeds 10 ft (3 m)." (2)"Lablab purpureus combines a great number of qualities that can be used successfully under various conditions. Its first advantage is its adaptability, not only is it drought resistant, it is able to grow in a diverse range of environmental conditions world wide." "It is normally grown from sea level up to elevations of between 1800 and 2100 metres."

(2)http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd11/2/colu112.htm

2.04

(1)"It is believed that Dolichos lablab, the lablab bean, originated in Asia, but it is now grown for food throughout much of the world." (2)"Origin: Asia or maybe tropical Africa."

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Dolichos_lablab.html

2.05

"It is believed that Dolichos lablab, the lablab bean, originated in Asia, but it is now grown for food throughout much of the world. … Lablab has escaped cultivation and established in many areas, including southern Florida."

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

3.01

(1)"Lablab has escaped cultivation and established in many areas, including southern Florida." (2)Naturalized in Hawaii. (3)"There are quite a number of legumes in naturalized fallow (Dale, 1981, Arrighi, 1979, Hutton, 1962) and improved pasture species available in Niue that are used in grass/legume mixtures for ruminant livestock. Today the improved legume species found in Niue (Aue, personal communication) include the following: Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Verano stylo; Stylosanthes humilis cv. Townsville; Dolichos axilaris (Archer); Desmodium intortum (Greenleaf); Dolichos lablab cv. Rongai; Dolichos lablab cv Highworth; Dolichos uniflorus (Leichardt); Phaseolus lathyroides (Phasey Bean), Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) and Centro (Centrosema pubescens)." (4)"Lablab has been widely distributed to many tropical and subtropical countries where it has become naturalised (Purseglove 1968)."

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 318. (3)http://www.fao.org/AG/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/southpacific/niue.htm (4)http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd11/2/colu112.htm

3.02

No evidence

3.03

Reported as a weed in cropped areas in some humid-tropical locations where individual plants may live up to 3 years, but no report as an environmental weed. [vague reference to agriculture weed but not documented]

http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

3.04

"Weed potential - None due to its short-lived nature and poor longevity of seed. Reported as a weed in cropped areas in some humid-tropical locations where individual plants may live up to 3 years, but no report as an environmental weed."

http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

"Lablab bean is an excellent nitrogen fixer and is sometimes grown as a cover crop or for livestock fodder."

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

4.05

(1)"Being palatable to livestock, it is an adequate source of much needed protein and can be utilised in several different ways. It can be grazed in a pasture setting or as a companion crop to maize, cut as hay, or mixed with corn silage. In several experiments it has been observed to increase livestock weight and milk production during the dry season." (2)"Toxicity -Leaf does not contain anti-nutritive factors such as tannins. Mixed plantings with forage sorghum prevents the occurrence of bloat. Grain contains tannins, and phytate and trypsin inhibitors. Concentrations vary among varieties. Soaking or cooking reduces the activity of these compounds."
[No evidence of any case studies of toxicity to livestock due to ingestion of Dolichos lablab].

(1)http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd11/2/colu112.htm (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

4.06

Probably not - (1)"Pests and diseases
The pod -boring insect Adisura atkinsoni can reduce seed yields but has been controlled experimentally by strain HB-III of Bacterium cereus var. thuringensis. Other insect pests include Heliothis armigera, Exelastis atomosa and Maruca testulalis. Bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus spp.) damage seed during growth and storage.
Lablab roots are attacked by several nematodes: Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne hapla and M. incognita.
Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), leaf-spot (caused by Cercospora dolichi) and powdery mildew (caused by Leveillula taurica var. macrospora) have been reported. A stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum may attack the plant under wet conditions. In Australia, cultivar Rongai is fairly disease-free and generally lablab is more tolerant to root diseases than cowpeas." [No evidence that the above are economic pests.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm (2)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm

4.07

(1)"Young leaves are eaten raw in salads and older leaves are cooked like spinach. Flowers are eaten raw or steamed. The large starchy root tubers can be boiled and baked. The immature seeds can be boiled and eaten like any shelly bean. Dried seeds should be boiled in two changes of water before eating since they contain toxic levels of cyanogenic glucosides. In Asia the mature seeds are made into tofu and fermented for tempeh. They are also used as bean sprouts." "WARNING -Dry seeds should be well cooked in two changes of water before eating. Raw dry seeds are poisonous and can cause vomiting, labored breathing, and even convulsions and unconsciousness." (2)"Poisonous Part -Pods and seeds.
Symptoms -Weakness, vomiting, labored breathing, twitching, stupor, convulsions.
Edibility -EDIBLE PARTS: Pods and seeds edible if thoroughly boiled, changing the water several times.
Toxic Principle -Cyanogenic glycoside.
Severity -TOXIC ONLY IF LARGE QUANTITIES EATEN. " [No evid

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Dolicla.htm

4.08

Probably not - a short lived, evergreen, herbaceous species.

http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

4.09

(1)"Light: Full sun for best growth." (2)"Sun Exposure: Full sun." (3)"Sun Exposure: Full Sun"

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Dolichos_lablab.html (3)http://www.heatly.com/Gardens/PlantFiles/Lablabpurpureus.htm

4.1

(1)Soil pH requirements:
5.1 to 5.5 (strongly acidic)
5.6 to 6.0 (acidic)
6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)
7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) (2)"Lablab grows in a wide range of soil types, from deep sands to heavy black clays and can tolerate pH ranges of 5 to 7.5 (Kay 1979). The plant can survive short periods of flooding thus growing well in alluvial planes (Menéndez et al 1985) but needs free drainage as it does not tolerate water logging (Kay 1979). Saline conditions have been found to reduce populations and produce chlorotic leaves. Soil fertility is important; thus phosphate fertilisers may need to be applied at planting (Cameron 1988)." (3)"Grows in a wide range of soils from deep sands to heavy clays, provided drainage is good, and from pH 4.5-7.5. "

(1)http://www.heatly.com/Gardens/PlantFiles/Lablabpurpureus.htm (2)http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd11/2/colu112.htm (3)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

4.11

"Lablab bean is a twining vine with leaflets in threes and showy bright purple flowers and pods."

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

"Lablab bean is an excellent nitrogen fixer and is sometimes grown as a cover crop or for livestock fodder." [But it is not a tree].

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)"Propagation: By seed." (2)"Pair its ornamental value with the fact that the seeds germinate with almost 100 percent reliability, and you have a perfectly easy fast-growing vine."

(10http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://media.hgtv.com/HGTV/newsletter/gardening_newsletter/vol_005/GNL_030529.htm

6.03

Probably not - no evidence of hybridization in an otherwise well studied species. [No evidence of hybridization in the genus].

6.04

"Known to have some outcrossing but observations suggest that this is usually minimal."

http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

6.05

Probably not - flower morphology does not suggest involvement of specialist pollinators.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Dolichos_lablab.html

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means.

6.07

(1)"Lablab beans take 90-150 days from sowing to maturity." "Hardiness: Lablab bean is a short lived perennial in frostfree regions. It is grown as an annual elsewhere. " (2)"Being an annual or weak perennial , lablab flowers and sets seed in the first season of growth."

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Lablab_purpureus.htm

7.01

No evidence of the species growing in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

"In the United States, lablab bean usually is grown as an ornamental. In Asia and Africa lablab is grown for food."

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

7.03

Even though the species is grown as a cover crop it may be unlikely to be a produce contaminat due to relatively large seeds - about 0.5" in length.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

7.04

Probably not - no evidence of adaptation for wind dispersal. Fruit is a pod and seeds probably disperse by gravity after the pod splits open.

7.05

Probably not - no evidence that the species occurs near waterways.

7.06

Probably not - an hebaceous legume.

7.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence of spread via animal droppings.

8.01

Probably not - the seeds are relatively large - about 0.5" in length.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/D/doli_lab.cfm

8.02

Seed treatment before planting -- Not necessary to break dormancy. [suggests lack of dormancy]

http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000047.HTM

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know.

8.05

Don’t know.